Indirect Conditioning

Shipley, Walter C.

doi:10.1080/00221309.1935.9920108

Cited by 39 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…The results of the present experiment, together with our earlier work and that of Vaughan (1988), support the notion that "functional equivalence" (Shipley, 1935) or "stimulus classes" (Spradlin & Saunders, 1986) can be established in pigeons. Although this phenomenon does not meet the more rigorous criteria of equivalence described by Sidman (1986), and thus may differ in important ways from that described in the human literature, the apparent development of new, derived relations between stimuli may well involve similar underlying processes.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

Common coding in pigeons assessed through partial versus total reversals of many-to-one conditional and simple discriminations.

Zentall

Steirn²,

Sherburne³

et al. 1991

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes

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Common coding of stimuli was examined in pigeons in 3 experiments involving many-to-one mapping of lines and hues onto common events. The common events were shapes in Experiment 1 (involving delayed symbolic matching-to-sample) and food-no-food outcomes in Experiments 2 and 3 (involving simple discriminations). In Phase 2 of Experiments 1 and 2, the hue discriminations were reversed for Group Hue, the line discriminations were reversed for Group Line, and both discriminations were reversed for Group Hue-Line. Line reversals were learned faster by Group Hue-Line than by Group Line, but differences in reversal learning were not found with hues. In Experiment 3, both hue and line discriminations were repeatedly reversed until reversal transfer was stable. Relative to this baseline, significantly poorer performance was found on a line-only reversal. Overall, the results suggest that when a hue and a line are associated with a common event, both may be centrally represented as the hue.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

Common coding in pigeons assessed through partial versus total reversals of many-to-one conditional and simple discriminations.

Zentall

Steirn²,

Sherburne³

et al. 1991

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The results of the present experiments, together with my earlier works (Nakagawa, 1978(Nakagawa, , 1986(Nakagawa, , 1992(Nakagawa, , 1998, support the notion that ''functional equivalence" (Shipley, 1935) or "stimulus classes" (Spradlin & Saunders, 1986) can be established in rats. Although this phenomenon does not meet the more rigorous criterion of equivalence described by Sidman (1986), the apparent development of new, derived relations between the discriminative stimuli may involve underlying processes in the formation of so-called perceptual concepts.…”

Section: Functional Equivalence Vs Exchangeability Vs Substitutabilitysupporting

confidence: 76%

Acquired Equivalence of Discriminative Stimuli Following Two Concurrent Discrimination Learning Tasks as a Function of Overtraining in Rats

Nakagawa

1999

Psychol Rec

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Three experiments examined whether or not the members of each stimulus class between the discriminative stimuli formed during overtraining became functionally equivalent. In Experiment 1, rats were trained on two discrimination tasks to criterion or overtrained. Then they were tested on two new discriminations, in which the negative stimuli for the original discriminations were exchanged . This manipulation had little disruptive influence . on rats' subsequent choices following overtraining , but not after criterion training. The effect of overtraining on exchanging the negative stimuli of two discriminations was replicated in Experiment 2. Experiment 2 makes it clear that the members of each pair of stimuli begin to become functionally equivalent after the rats receive overtraining for 10 days, and become perfectly functionally equivalent after the rats receive overtraining for 20 days. In Experiment 3, half of the rats were concurrently trained on two discriminations to criterion or overtrained. The remaining rats were separately trained in one discrimination on odd days in the training phase and the other on even days to criterion or overtrained. Then all rats received testing , in which the negative stimuli between two discriminations were exchanged. There was no sign ificant difference in test performance after overtraining between these two groups, which were very excellent. Results of Experiments 1, 2, and 3 indicate that, in rats, stimulus classes established during overtraining have two properties of stimulus equivalence relation: exchangeability and substitutability.There are many studies on stimulus classes formation in pigeons and in rats. They make it clear that both pigeons and rats have an ability to form stimulus classes or stimulus-stimulus associations between stimuli. Especially, some studies have reported, using a whole-partial ' reversal procedure, that both rats and pigeons form stimulus classes between discriminative stimuli that signal either reward or nonreward during overtraining in two concurrent discriminations (Delius et aI

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“…In support of this notion. Hull cited a study by Shipley (1935) in which an eyeblink was conditioned to a light. Trials were later given with a shock to the finger.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Novelty and functional equivalence in superordinate categorization by pigeons

Astley

Wasserman

1998

Animal Learning & Behavior

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Superordinate categorization via association with a common response was studied in pigeons. Original training paired disparate classes (e.g.,people + chairs and cars + flowers) with a common response (Responses 1and 2,respectively). Reassignment training taught new responses (Responses 3 and 4,respectively) to one component class from each pair (e.g., people and cars). Superordinate categorization was documented in testing when the pigeons made the same responses to the stimuli that were withheld in reassignment training (e.g., chairs and flowers) as they did to the reassigned stimuli themselves (e.g., people and cars) and when the birds transferred these discriminative responses to novel stimuli from all four component classes. Reassignment training with novel stimuli produced effects that were similar to those of reassignment training with familiar stimuli. Superordinate categorization via association with a common response is thus a robust effect that generalizes to novel stimuli from each of the component classes.

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Indirect Conditioning

Cited by 39 publications

References 6 publications

Common coding in pigeons assessed through partial versus total reversals of many-to-one conditional and simple discriminations.

Common coding in pigeons assessed through partial versus total reversals of many-to-one conditional and simple discriminations.

Acquired Equivalence of Discriminative Stimuli Following Two Concurrent Discrimination Learning Tasks as a Function of Overtraining in Rats

Novelty and functional equivalence in superordinate categorization by pigeons

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