Arteriovenous fistulas of the head and neck include an assortment of conditions. Many, if not most, can be cured using a variety of endovascular techniques. Extracranial fistulas are usually traumatic in origin. Intracranial fistulas may be either traumatic or spontaneous and may be classified according to flow (high or low), pathology (direct or indirect), location, or patterns of supply and drainage. In this article we will focus on acquired intracranial arteriovenous fistulas and review the clinical presentation, classification schemes, history of treatment, and current approaches to treatment, focusing on endovascular approaches.Objectives: On completion of this article, the reader will be able to (1) correctly classify acquired arteriovenous fistulas of the cerebral vasculature, (2) identify which patients having fistulas are candidates for endovascular therapy, and (3) understand the potential benefits and risks of endovascular therapy. Accreditation: Tufts University School of Medicine (TUSM) is accredited by the Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education to provide continuing medical education for physicians. TUSM takes responsibility for the content, quality, and scientific integrity of this CME activity. Credit: TUSM designates this educational activity for a maximum of 1 Category 1 credit towards the AMA Physicians Recognition Award. Each physician should claim only those hours of credit that he/she actually spent in the educational activity.Arteriovenous fistulas of the head and neck encompass a variety of clinicoanatomic conditions with diverse clinical manifestations and a plethora of treatment options. For the neurointerventionalist, they can be challenging but also gratifying to treat. As opposed to arteriovenous malformations, fistulas can frequently be cured by endovascular means, and, for the most common types, endovascular treatment is the primary treatment of choice.
ANGIOGRAPHIC EVALUATIONExcept in rare instances, the angiographic work-up should include bilateral vertebral, internal carotid, and external carotid artery (ECA) biplane injections for a total of six vessels. Each type of lesion, however, presents its own set of special considerations that should affect how the angiographic evaluation is conducted. Ideally, the initial angiographic work-up should be sufficient to both establish a diagnosis and plan therapy. In most cases, if a patient has had a diagnostic arteriogram that is incomplete from a planning perspective, the exam can be completed at the time of intervention, sparing the patient a third procedure.The objectives of the initial angiogram are to (1) establish a diagnosis and locate the fistula, (2) identify all feeding arteries, (3) fully describe the venous drainage, and (4) identify normal patterns of cerebral venous drainage.Downloaded by: WEST VIRGINIA UNIVERSITY. Copyrighted material.