Indirect and external costs of pesticide use in the vegetable sub-sector in Kenya.

Macharia, Ibrahim; Mithöfer, Dagmar; Waibel, Hermann

doi:10.1079/9781845936495.0227

Cited by 19 publications

(25 citation statements)

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“…The ongoing use of chemical pesticides is, however, unsustainable due to their adverse effects on the environment and the development of resistance among thrips species (Jensen, 2004). This coupled with the stringent measures, such as the maximum residue limits, set up by the European Union on export produce has led to the search for more environmental‐friendly alternatives (Cox, 2009; Macharia et al., 2011). Entomopathogenic fungi are among the alternatives being considered (Vestergaard, 1995; Butt & Brownbridge, 1997; Ekesi et al., 1998; Maniania et al., 2002, 2003).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Performance of a semiochemical‐baited autoinoculation device treated with Metarhizium anisopliae for control of Frankliniella occidentalis on French bean in field cages

Niassy

Maniania

Subramanian

et al. 2011

Entomologia Exp Applicata

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The performance of an autoinoculation device was evaluated in field cage experiments for control of Western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), in French bean, Phaseolus vulgaris L. var. Samantha (Fabaceae). Treatments consisted of a fungus‐treated device with and without semiochemical (Lurem‐TR), and a fungus‐free device as control; the fungus used was Metarhizium anisopliae (Metchnikoff) Sorokin (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae). The overall mean number of conidia acquired by a single insect was higher in the fungus‐treated semiochemical‐baited device than in the device without semiochemical: 5.0 ± 0.6 × 104 vs. 2.2 ± 0.4 × 104 conidia per insect. The overall thrips mortality was also higher in the semiochemical‐baited device than in the device without the semiochemical: 59.3 ± 3.9 vs. 41.7 ± 3.5%. Conidial viability was not affected in the M. anisopliae‐treated device without semiochemicals, 7 days after treatment, whereas it was considerably decreased – from 81.0 ± 1.3 to 6.5 ± 1.1%, 2 and 7 days post‐inoculation – in the M. anisopliae‐treated semiochemical‐baited device. Thrips mortality was positively correlated with M. anisopliae conidial viability, and conidial viability was negatively correlated with conidial acquisition. This suggests that the semiochemical volatiles reduced the conidial viability, which in turn resulted in significant reduction in thrips mortality, despite the highest conidial acquisition in the semiochemical‐baited fungus‐treated device. Thrips density per plant was significantly reduced in both fungus‐treated treatments (with semiochemical: 8.7 ± 1.7 adults per plant; without semiochemical: 6.6 ± 1.4 adults per plant) compared with the fungus‐free control (19.8 ± 2.6 adults per plant). These results demonstrate the potential for an autoinoculation device strategy for the control of thrips, particularly in screenhouses.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Performance of a semiochemical‐baited autoinoculation device treated with Metarhizium anisopliae for control of Frankliniella occidentalis on French bean in field cages

Niassy

Maniania

Subramanian

et al. 2011

Entomologia Exp Applicata

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“…However, mechanisms for controlling pesticide use and sale in developing countries is limited [29]. In light of this and taking local people's concerns seriously, more research is needed on the social and ecological impacts of pesticide use in the region, as well as on how pest and disease management can be changed from chemical based to healthier and ecologically friendly methods [30].…”

Section: Water Scarcitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Out of 45 farmers and employees interviewed, 20 argued that water resources (and soil) have become polluted due to the chemicals used by the horticultural farms. It is well known that pesticide use can have adverse effects on human health, environment and eco-systems [29], and global concerns are reflected in the increasing stringency of standards on pesticide residue levels [30]. However, mechanisms for controlling pesticide use and sale in developing countries is limited [29].…”

Section: Water Scarcitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Export-Oriented Horticultural Production in Laikipia, Kenya: Assessing the Implications for Rural Livelihoods

Ulrich

2014

Sustainability

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Smallholders in the global South are confronted with new opportunities and risks emanating from globalized markets of agricultural goods. In Kenya, large-scale export-oriented horticulture farms, cultivating fruits, flowers and vegetables, were by and large established in the 1980s. In Laikipia County, the farms have grown to be the most important employers tying the region into global markets. The growth of the industry has direct as well as indirect impacts on local livelihoods. Based on qualitative data gathered from 55 interviews held with experts, local households and employees, the assessment shows a range of economic, social and environmental opportunities as well as constraints. Three major shortcomings are identified, the first being increasing river water abstractions and related water scarcity, second the call for living wages and social security, and third constraints smallholders face as out-growers. Addressing these issues can contribute to a more sustainable development in the region.

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“…The commonly used products included dimethoate (WHO II), used by 48 % of farmers, lambda cyhalothrin (WHO II-27 %), cymoxanil (WHO II-22 %) cypermethrin (WHO II-22 %), cyfluthrin (WHO Ib-20 %), mancozeb (WHO U-18 %), and deltamethrin (WHO II-14 %). The total amount of pesticides used was estimated at 570 metric tonnes for the whole year (Macharia et al (2009) estimation method). Forty-one percent of the volumes belong to the group of carbamates, 19 % to pyrethroids, 16 % to organophosphates, 13 % to acetamides, and 5 % to inorganics.…”

Section: Pesticides Usementioning

confidence: 99%

Pesticide handling practices by vegetable farmer in Kenya

Macharia

Mithöfer

Waibel

2012

Environ Dev Sustain

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Pesticide handling practices have a strong bearing on the exposure of toxic effects to target and nontarget organism. A clear understanding of determinants of pesticide handling practices is a precondition in the design and implementation of policy intervention. To accomplish this, a household survey of 425 respondents was conducted in 2008. Majority of the farmers (85 %) had inappropriately handled pesticides, mainly through, unsafe storage (23 %), unsafe disposal of leftover in either sprays solutions, or rinsate and empty pesticide containers (40 %), failure to wear the required minimum protective gear (68 %), or overdosed pesticides (27 %). However, majority of those farmers were aware of the risks of pesticide use, with over 81 % expressing the view that pesticides have harmful effects on human health, livestock, beneficial arthropods, and on water. Econometric models showed that pesticide handling practices were significantly influenced by variation in record keeping, main source advice on pesticide use, toxicity of pesticide, and geographical location. Pesticide risk perception and negative impacts experiences had no association with handling practices. The study recommends policymakers to design effective, participatory, and location targeted outreach programmes, which deal specifically on promotion of record keeping and reduction in use of harmful pesticides.

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Indirect and external costs of pesticide use in the vegetable sub-sector in Kenya.

Cited by 19 publications

References 0 publications

Performance of a semiochemical‐baited autoinoculation device treated with Metarhizium anisopliae for control of Frankliniella occidentalis on French bean in field cages

Performance of a semiochemical‐baited autoinoculation device treated with Metarhizium anisopliae for control of Frankliniella occidentalis on French bean in field cages

Export-Oriented Horticultural Production in Laikipia, Kenya: Assessing the Implications for Rural Livelihoods

Pesticide handling practices by vegetable farmer in Kenya

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