“…Regardless of the category, brand crises often result in financial losses and public criticism, damaging brand reputation and value (Balawi, et al , 2022; Hegner et al , 2018; Robson and Farquhar, 2021). Consumers typically become aware of such brand crises through widely distributed reports in traditional media (Behera et al , 2022; Sharma, 2022; Wu et al , 2021) or social media virality (Segal, 2021), which negatively affects consumers’ perceptions of and trust in the brand. This often leads to counterproductive behaviors, such as petitions and negative word-of-mouth against the firm (Langaro et al , 2022; Nguyen et al , 2021; Ouyang et al , 2020) and decreased purchase intentions and brand loyalty (Baghi and Gabrielli, 2019; Nguyen et al , 2021; Sun et al , 2022).…”