Indices of Metabolic Syndrome in 534 Apparently Healthy Nigerian Traders

Abstract

Background: Metabolic Syndrome (MS) increases the risk of developing type-2 diabetes (DM2) and cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and it is thought to be prevalent in Nigeria. This study aims at determining the prevalence of MS and its component risk factors among apparently healthy traders in a local market in Ibadan, Nigeria. Methods: 534 apparently healthy traders from a local market in Bodija, Ibadan, Nigeria aged (18-105) years with neither DM2 nor CVD were participants of a cohort study on risk assessment of type 2 diabetes and dementia in Nigerians with metabolic syndrome. The International Diabetes Federation (2005) and the World Health Organisation (1998) criteria were used for MS and BMI respectively. Anthropometric indices (weight, height, body mass index (BMI), percentage body fat (PBF), waist and hip circumferences (WC & HC) and their ratio (WHR), waist circumference to height ratio (WHT)) and blood pressure (BP) were obtained by standard methods. Blood samples (6 ml) were obtained for the determination of glucose (FPG), total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) by enzymatic methods while low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) was calculated. Descriptive statistics, Chi-square test and ANOVA were among the analyses conducted. Results: 301 (56.4%) of traders studied were overweight (176, 33.0%) or obese (125, 23.4%) while 17 (3.4%) and 125 (40.4%) were underweight and normal weight respectively. The prevalence of MS and obesity were 87 (16.3%) and 125 (23.4%) respectively. There was significant association between obesity and MS (p < 0.05). Both MS and obesity were significantly associated with gender (p < 0.05). The prevalence of MS and obesity was higher in female (20.9%; 31.0%) than male traders (6.5%; 7.1%) respectively. The prevalence of MS increased from normal weight (8.3%) to overweight (18.8%) to obesity (28.8%). There were significantly higher differences in age, BP(systolic and diastolic), weight, BMI, WC, HC, WHT, WHR, and PBF but lower difference in height when overweight/obese groups were compared with normal weight group (p < 0.05). TC and LDL-C were significantly higher in only obese than normal weight traders. However, FPG, TG and HDL-C were similar in all groups (p > 0.05). Conclusion: There is high prevalence of MS and obesity among Nigerian traders. Female gender, hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, increasing age, general and abdominal obesity appear to be important metabolic risk factors of CVD and not DM2 among Nigerian traders. Health care strategies for effective modulation of diet and lifestyle are needed urgently. In addition, screening programs for indices of MS in all Nigerians irrespective of BMI could be considered.

Prevalence of cardio-metabolic syndrome in Nigeria: a systematic review

“…Only one study sampled apparently healthy subjects from 18 years in rural communities. 48 Three definitions of CMS were identified in all of the qualified studies for the systematic review: the WHO, ATPIII and IDF definitions. Of the 32 studies, 9 (28.1%) adopted use of the WHO classification, 19 (59.4%) used the ATPIII definition, while the remaining 10 (31.3%) studies used the IDF definitions (Table 3).…”

Metabolic Alterations in Different Stages of Hypertension in an Apparently Healthy Nigerian Population

“…These were parameters contained in the IDF for MS-WC, TG, HDLC, BP, and FPG [ 9 ]. These were measured by standard methods described elsewhere [ 7 , 10 ].…”

“…Lipids (other than HDLC and TG-components of MS) were total cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLC). Methods described by Umoh et al [ 10 ] and Charles-Davies et al [ 7 ] were used for these measures.…”

“…MS and its co-morbidities hyperglycemia, abdominal obesity, and hypertriglyceridemia were found to be higher in hypertensives compared to the general population [ 6 ]. MS is prevalent among traders in Nigeria and has been associated with obesity and gender [ 7 ]. The MS amplifies cardiovascular risk associated with high BP in hypertensives, independent of the effect of several traditional cardiovascular risk factors [ 8 ].…”

Reproductive function in premenopausal African Blacks with metabolic syndrome: Associations among inhibin B, adipokines, pituitary and sex hormones and sex hormone binding globulin

“…The criteria include any three of the following conditions: elevated WC (80 cm), elevated triglyceride (≥150 mg/dL), reduced HDLC (≤50 mg/L, BP {SBP ≥ 130 mmHg, DBP ≥ 85 mmHg} and elevated FPG (≥100 mg/dL). These parameters have been described elsewhere (Umoh et al, 2010;Charles-Davies et al, 2012)…”