Indices for detection of changes in cardiorespiratory fitness during exercise training in man

Swaine, Ian; Mary, David A.S.G.

doi:10.1113/expphysiol.1992.sp003583

Cited by 7 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…This increase was evidenced by a decrease in cumulative heart rate and a 12 per cent improvement in their time to exhaustion on the treadmill, whereas the non-exercise group experienced a 5 per cent decrease in this measure following the 16 week program. This result is in accordance with previous studies (Norris et al 1990;Swaine et al 1992;Somers et al 1991) that reported a change in fitness following 10, 16 and 24 weeks of exercise, using a frequency and intensity similar to that of the current experiment.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

456 the Response of Trabecular Bone to Physical Activity in Young Sedentary Males

Meerkin

Parker

1994

Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise

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1A B STR A C T Bone is a dynamic tissue that is continuously undergoing cycles of resorption and formation throughout life. Factors known to effect this remodelling process include an individual's nutritional and hormonal status and physical activity and achievable bone density is dependent on the interaction between an individuals chosen lifestyle and genetic make-up. There is considerable evidence that physical activity may have a positive effect on bone mineral density through the effects of mechanical loading and local and systemic physiological mechanisms. Lack of a change in bone mineral density following exercise has also been found, and this discrepancy in the literature may reflect differences in the nature, intensity and duration of the exercise programs that have been used. The complexity of the interaction between lifestyle and genetic factors, age and site specific responses also makes interpretation of the literature difficult. It has been suggested that attainment of a high peak bone mass earlier in life may compensate for the normal loss of bone which occurs and accelerates with aging. Moderate intensity activity has been shown to have a positive effect in the development of skeletal mass in children.However, there is a paucity of prospective information on the effects of physical activity in early-adulthood. The aim of this study was to investigate whether a protocol of running training designed to increase cardiovascular fitness would effect changes in bone mineral density (BMD), bone mineral content (BMC) and bone metabolism of young sedentary males. This study was also designed to assess possible associations between cardiovascular fitness and anthropometric variables and BMD and BMC.Twenty-six sedentary males with an average age of 22.2 years volunteered to participate in this study. Sixteen of those chosen to participate undertook a 16 week program of progressive running training and as the exercise program progressed the running distance became longer and the intensity of the runs was increased. Ten males acted as the control group and did not participate in any organised program of physical activity. Physical activity diaries were kept by all experimental and control subjects in order to assess daily training histories of both formal and informal activity. A maximal exercise treadmill test 11 was conducted to assess the cardiovascular fitness of all subjects and establish the training intensities for the exercising subjects. Tests were conducted before commencement of the program, at 4 weekly intervals and immediately following the intervention period. Cumulative heart rates and time to exhaustion from the initial and final maximal treadmill test were used as indicators of a change in cardiovascular fitness over the 16 weeks. Bone mineral density and content was assessed at three sites on the proximal femur and in lumbar vertebrae 2 to 4 using dual energy x-ray absorptiometry . The biochemical markers of bone formation and resorption, namely serum osteocalcin and urinary hydroxyproline we...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

456 the Response of Trabecular Bone to Physical Activity in Young Sedentary Males

Meerkin

Parker

1994

Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise

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“…unless otherwise indicated. The presence of a training effect was determined by analysing the heart rate-VI O # relationship [39,40]. A statistically significant decrease in the elevation of the computed regression line relating heart rate to VI O # after training was regarded as evidence of a training effect.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Randomized controlled trial of home-based exercise training to evaluate cardiac functional gains

Marshall¹,

AL-TIMMAN²,

RILEY³

et al. 2001

Clinical Science

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There is evidence that multiple benefits can be obtained through exercise training that leads to increases in peak oxygen consumption (V(O(2))). It is unclear whether significant improvements can also be achieved through unsupervised low-budget home-based training regimes, especially in terms of cardiac functional gains. A randomized cross-over trial was conducted to investigate the effects of a home-based unsupervised exercise training programme of moderate intensity on aerobic capacity, cardiac reserve and peak cardiac power output in healthy middle-aged volunteers. Nine subjects with no known cardiovascular diseases performed symptom-limited treadmill cardiopulmonary exercise tests after an 8-week period of exercise training, and results were compared with those obtained after a similar 'non-exercising' control period. Cardiac output was measured non-invasively during exercise tests using the CO(2)-rebreathing method. With exercise training, resting heart rate decreased significantly from 88.3+/-3.4 to 78.7+/-3.2 beats.min(-1) (P<0.05), heart rate at a submaximal workload (V(O(2))=1.5 litres.min(-1)) decreased from 125.5+/-2.4 to 115.5+/-1.6 beats.min(-1), and peak V(O(2)) increased by 9% from 2.62+/-0.19 to 2.85+/-0.18 litres.min(-1) (P<0.01). Baseline cardiac power output was 1.11+/-0.05 W, and this remained unchanged with training. Peak cardiac power output increased by 16% from 4.1+/-0.3 to 4.7+/-0.3 W (P<0.001), and cardiac reserve increased by 21% (P<0.01). A major contribution to these increases was from the 11% increase in stroke volume, from 100.1+/-5.3 to 111.2+/-6.2 ml (P<0.001). All subjects reported more positive perceptions of their health (P<0.05), fitness (P<0.01) and levels of activity (P<0.01) after the training period. These results show that motivated subjects undergoing low-budget unsupervised home-based exercise training of moderate intensity can derive benefit in terms of symptoms, aerobic capacity and cardiac functional reserve.

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“…In the ®rst test, subjects pedalled for 3 min at successive external power outputs (40, 60, 80, 100 and 120 W) at a constant 60 revolutions a minute. This protocol was terminated when the HR had risen to 140 beatsámin ±1 (an increase of 70 beatsá min ±1 over resting in a submaximal exercise intensity test allows adequate de®nition of the HR/ _ V O 2 relationship) (Swaine and Mary 1989). Steady-state _ V O 2 (values in millilitres per minute within 5%) and HR (values in beats per min within 5%) in the 3rd min of testing were used to calculate the HR/ _ V O 2 elevation.…”

Section: Exercise Testingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Alternatively, cardiorespiratory ®tness can be assessed from a submaximal test. A decrease in the elevation of the linear relationship between oxygen consumption ( _ V O 2 ) and heart rate (HR) is a reproducible and sensitive index for the quantitative detection of improvements in cardiorespiratory ®tness (Kappagoda et al 1979;Newell et al 1980;Swaine and Mary 1989); for a given _ V O 2 a lower HR can be achieved. In eect, this slope is the reciprocal of the oxygen pulse, i.e.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Endurance enhancement related to the human angiotensin I-converting enzyme I-D polymorphism is not due to differences in the cardiorespiratory response to training

Woods

World

Rayson³

et al. 2001

Eur J Appl Physiol

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Human physical performance is strongly influenced by genetic factors. We have previously reported that the I variant of the human angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) gene is associated with greater endurance performance in mountaineers and Olympic runners and improved performance in army recruits. In this study we examined whether this effect is mediated by improvements in cardiovascular fitness with training in 58 army recruits homozygous for the insertion (I, ACE genotype II) or deletion (D, ACE genotype DD) allele. A submaximal and maximal exercise protocol was used to calculate both the heart rate/oxygen uptake (VO2) relationship and changes in maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), respectively. There was no significant intergroup difference in VO2max at baseline (P=0.19) or after training (P=0.22). There was no difference between genotypes with training in the heart rate/VO2 elevation (P = 0.79 for the mean difference in mean adjusted heart rates). However, VO2 at all exercise intensities in the submaximal test was lower for all subjects after training and at 80 W the reduction in VO2 was greater for the II subjects compared to DD subjects [mean(SEM)] [1.6 (0.27) and 0.68 (0.27) ml kg(-1) min(-1), respectively; P = 0.02 for mean difference]. The I/D polymorphism may play a role in enhanced endurance performance but this is not mediated by differences in VO2max or the heart rate/VO2 relationship in response to training.

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Indices for detection of changes in cardiorespiratory fitness during exercise training in man

Cited by 7 publications

References 13 publications

456 the Response of Trabecular Bone to Physical Activity in Young Sedentary Males

456 the Response of Trabecular Bone to Physical Activity in Young Sedentary Males

Randomized controlled trial of home-based exercise training to evaluate cardiac functional gains

Endurance enhancement related to the human angiotensin I-converting enzyme I-D polymorphism is not due to differences in the cardiorespiratory response to training

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