Indicators of salivary gland inflammation in primary Sjögren's syndrome

Cuida, Mihaela; Halse, Anne‐Kristine; Johannessen, Anne Christine; Tynning, Turid; Jönsson, Roland

doi:10.1111/j.1600-0722.1997.tb00205.x

Cited by 38 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 33 publications

(17 reference statements)

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“…Increased serum levels of CLP in SS patients compared with healthy subjects were first reported by Kuruto et al 117 and subsequently confirmed by other studies, 102,124 except one study which did not specifically refer to primary SS. 61 Nordal et al 125 showed that CLP serum levels correlated with some indices of disease activity, especially with the fatigue score, but not with ESR and CRP; no association between CLP and arthritis was observed.…”

Section: Sjö Gren Syndromesupporting

confidence: 65%

“…CLP was found in saliva from SS patients at a concentration higher than in healthy subjects, and CLP levels were higher in the saliva than in the serum of SS patients. 61,124,126 Notably, faecal CLP is increased in SS patients compared with normal subjects. 127 Indeed, CLP is also produced by exocrine glands of the gastrointestinal mucosa in SS patients.…”

Section: Sjö Gren Syndromementioning

confidence: 99%

“…124,125 CLP might be locally released by inflammatory cells, as well as actively secreted by epithelial cells. 128 The evidence that RAGE, a receptor of CLP, is overexpressed by myoepithelial cells in labial salivary glands of SS patients confirms the implication of CLP in the development of local inflammation.…”

Section: Sjö Gren Syndromementioning

confidence: 99%

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Calprotectin in rheumatic diseases

Ometto

Friso

Astorri

et al. 2016

Exp Biol Med (Maywood)

133

100

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Calprotectin is an acute-phase protein produced by monocytes and neutrophils in the circulation and inflamed tissues. Calprotectin seems to be more sensitive than CRP, being able to detect minimal residual inflammation and is a candidate biomarker in inflammatory diseases. High serum levels are associated with some severe manifestations of rheumatic diseases, such as glomerulonephritis and lung fibrosis. Calprotectin levels in other fluids, such as saliva and synovial fluid, might be helpful in the diagnosis of rheumatic diseases. Of interest is also the potential role of calprotectin as a target of treatment. AbstractCalprotectin is a heterodimer formed by two proteins, S100A8 and S100A9, which are mainly produced by activated monocytes and neutrophils in the circulation and in inflamed tissues. The implication of calprotectin in the inflammatory process has already been demonstrated, but its role in the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and monitoring of rheumatic diseases has gained great attention in recent years. Calprotectin, being stable at room temperature, is a candidate biomarker for the follow-up of disease activity in many autoimmune disorders, where it can predict response to treatment or disease relapse. There is evidence that a number of immunomodulators, including TNF-a inhibitors, may reduce calprotectin expression. S100A8 and S100A9 have a potential role as a target of treatment in murine models of autoimmune disorders, since the direct or indirect blockade of these proteins results in amelioration of the disease process. In this review, we will go over the biologic functions of calprotectin which might be involved in the etiology of rheumatic disorders. We will also report evidence of its potential use as a disease biomarker.

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Section: Sjö Gren Syndromesupporting

confidence: 65%

Section: Sjö Gren Syndromementioning

confidence: 99%

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Calprotectin in rheumatic diseases

Ometto

Friso

Astorri

et al. 2016

Exp Biol Med (Maywood)

133

100

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“…Elevated levels of calprotectin have been observed in body fluids such as plasma, saliva, gingival crevicular fluid, stools, and synovial fluid during infections and inflammatory conditions (12). Consequently, calprotectin is broadly used as a marker for inflammatory bowel diseases (13), reactive arthritis (14), and Sjogren syndrome (15).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Calprotectin S100A9 Calcium-binding Loops I and II Are Essential for Keratinocyte Resistance to Bacterial Invasion

Champaiboon

Sappington

Guenther

et al. 2009

Journal of Biological Chemistry

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Epithelial cells expressing calprotectin, a heterodimer of S100A8 and S100A9 proteins, are more resistant to bacterial invasion. To determine structural motifs that affect resistance to bacterial invasion, mutations were constructed in S100A9 targeting the calcium-binding loops I and II (E36Q, E78Q, E36Q,E78Q) and the C terminus (S100A9 1-99 and S100A9 1-112 ), which contains putative antimicrobial zinc-binding and phosphorylation sites. The S100A8 and mutated S100A9 encoding plasmids were transfected into calprotectin-negative KB carcinoma cells. All transfected cells (except KB-sham) expressed 27E10-reactive heterodimers. In bacterial invasion assays with Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (Salmonella typhimurium), cell lines expressing S100A8 in complex with S100A9 E36Q , S100A9 E78Q , S100A9 1-99 , or S100A9 1-112 mutants or the S100A9 1-114 (full-length) calprotectin resisted bacterial invasion better than KB-sham. When compared with KB-S100A8/A9 1-114 , cells expressing truncated S100A9 1-99 or S100A9 1-112 with S100A8 also showed increased resistance to bacterial invasion. In contrast, glutamic acid residues 36 and 78 in calcium-binding loops I and II promote resistance in epithelial cells, because cells expressing S100A9 E36Q,E78Q with S100A8 were unable to resist bacterial invasion. Mutations in S100A9 E36Q, E78Q were predicted to cause loss of the calcium-induced positive face in calprotectin, reducing interactions with microtubules and appearing to be crucial for keratinocyte resistance to bacterial invasion.

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“…It has been reported that the output of calprotectin, as well as that of IgA, IgG and albumin in whole saliva, is lower in Sjögren's syndrome (SS) than in a control. In spite of the reduced output of saliva per minute, the markedly increased concentrations of calprotectin in whole saliva are observed in primary SS patients (129). Salivary calprotectin levels correlate significantly with plasma calprotectin levels and with several ocular variables, but only weakly with salivary flow and serum rheumatoid factor, and not at all in sialadenitis.…”

Section: Calprotectinmentioning

confidence: 92%