Indicators of homeostasis, inflammation and homocysteine in ischemic stroke in the young age

Abstract

The laboratory markers associated with cerebral thrombosis can be used for identification of a prothrombotic state as a cause of IS in the young age. Moderate hyperhomocysteinemia is a risk factor but not a cause of IS. The increase of inflammatory markers in APS suggests a role of infection in its development.

Homocysteine and Age-Related Central Nervous System Diseases: Role of Inflammation

“…The relation between elevated Hcy and neurovascular/neurodegenerative diseases has been established. Many mechanisms were proposed and studied for HHcy-induced vascular dysfunction, such as impaired endothelial function [65][66][67][68] oxidative stress [4,69,70], ER stress [71][72][73][74], inflammation [75][76][77][78][79], epigenetic modification [80][81][82][83], and activation of matrix metalloproteinase [84][85][86][87][88]. However, the exact mechanism of HHcy-induced vascular and barrier dysfunction is still undetermined.…”

Double Burden of Poverty and Cardiovascular Disease Risk among Low-Resource Communities in South Africa

“…[92][93][94][95] An association between elevated plasma homocysteine and the development of atherosclerosis has been confirmed. [96] Studies in animal models have shown that elevated homocysteine promoted atherosclerosis by increased oxidative stress impaired endothelial function and increased thrombogenecity. [92,93,[95][96][97][98][99] Epidemiological retrospective and prospective clinical studies established homocysteine as a potent independent risk factor for atherothrombotic vascular disease.…”

“…[96] Studies in animal models have shown that elevated homocysteine promoted atherosclerosis by increased oxidative stress impaired endothelial function and increased thrombogenecity. [92,93,[95][96][97][98][99] Epidemiological retrospective and prospective clinical studies established homocysteine as a potent independent risk factor for atherothrombotic vascular disease. [91,92,100] Additionally, homocysteine increase superoxide (O 2 -) levels resulting in increased oxidative stress, causing an inflammatory state and increased atherosclerosis and ischemia reperfusion.…”

“…[155] Vitamin B6 not only has a homocysteine lowering effect, but is also needed for the metabolism of omega-3 PUFAs. [96] Folate is the major determinant of homocysteiene [96] and thus has homocysteiene lowering effect. A recent meta-analysis showed that folic acid supplementation resulted in a 4% reduced risk for CVD events and the benefit was even greater among participants without pre-existing CVD or low folate levels.…”

“…[158] Vitamin B12, together with folate, plays a key role for the enzyme methionine synthase needed for the re-methylation of homocysteine to methionine. [96] Dietary sources of vitamin B12 are animal products (meat, fish, chicken, milk and cheese) and rarely found in plants or yeast. [157] Vitamin B12 is stored in large quantities in the liver and a deficiency is developed over years.…”