Indicators of Activity-Friendly CommunitiesAn Evidence-Based Consensus Process

Ramirez, Laura K. Brennan; Hoehner, Christine M.; Brownson, Ross C.; Cook, Rebeka A.; Orleans, C. Tracy; Hollander, Marla; Barker, Dianne C.; Bors, Philip; Ewing, Reid; Killingsworth, Richard; Petersmarck, Karen; Schmid, Thomas L.; Wilkinson, W.L.

doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2006.07.026

Cited by 78 publications

(48 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…Although we found differences among the three income levels related to population density, land-use diversity, street design and physical disorder/incivilities in the physical environment, no one income level was associated with an environment that was unequivocally the best in terms of being conducive to physical activity. [17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28] For example, we found that the lowincome areas had greater population density and land-use diversity-features positively associated with physical activity-17-28 than the high-income areas. On the other hand, the high-and middle-income neighborhoods had less physical disorder and fewer incivilities than the low-income areas; less physical disorder and fewer incivilities are associated with greater physical activity.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…On the other hand, the high-and middle-income neighborhoods had less physical disorder and fewer incivilities than the low-income areas; less physical disorder and fewer incivilities are associated with greater physical activity. [17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28] Additionally, there were no consistent differences among the three income levels in terms of the street or physical design of neighborhoods. Our findings are similar to those of other community field audit studies 15,16 in that both favorable and unfavorable conditions were associated with low-income areas.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To fill this obvious gap in the literature, we conducted walking, street-scale environmental audits of selected neighborhoods to assess differences by income level (low, middle, and high) among four environmental, neighborhood factors most associated with physical activity: [17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28] population density (defined as the number of people per square mile, apportioned to the size of the block), land use diversity (defined as the mix of commercial destinations and residential land uses in an area), street design (defined as the extent to which neighborhoods are pedestrian-and bicycle-friendly, e.g., by having sidewalks, bicycle lanes, traffic calming features, etc. ), and physical disorder/incivilities (defined as the extent to which litter, graffiti, stray dogs, and other unpleasant attributes are present in the environment).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The best environment for promoting physical activity has population density, land use diversity and street design conducive to activity and low levels of physical disorder/incivilities. [17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28] From the relevant literature cited above, we formulated four hypotheses: 1) Population density and income are negatively related. 2) Land use diversity and income are negatively related.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Furthermore, we chose the most consistently identified environmental features related to physical activity. [17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28] …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Environmental Audits of Friendliness toward Physical Activity in Three Income Levels

Taylor¹,

Franzini²,

Olvera³

et al. 2012

J Urban Health

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An important research area is the relationship among income status, health, and the environment. This study examined the relationships among income levels, features of the environment and friendliness toward physical activity. We investigated whether low-, middle-, and high-income neighborhoods differ in terms of four environmental characteristics that affect the degree to which an area is conducive to physical activity: population density, land use diversity, street design, and physical disorder in the environment. In a large, urban southwestern county, 30 block groups were randomly selected to represent low-, middle-, and high-income neighborhoods. Using the St. Louis Environmental Checklist Audit, walking audits were conducted and analyzed. The low-income neighborhoods had significantly greater density and land use diversity than the high-income neighborhoods. High-and middle-income neighborhoods had significantly fewer manifestations of physical disorder and incivility than low-income neighborhoods. Features of physical activity-promoting environments were found in each income level neighborhood.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Furthermore, we chose the most consistently identified environmental features related to physical activity. [17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28] …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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