Indicators for the total duration of premenopausal endogenous estrogen exposure in relation to BMD

Abstract

We conclude that it is not necessary to use more reproductive factors besides age at menopause and menarche in determining total duration of endogenous estrogen exposure.

Vasomotor symptoms are associated with a lower bone mineral density

“…32 Earlier findings from the EPOS showed that age at menopause and the number of reproductive years as approximations of the duration of exposure to endogenous estrogens are strongly associated with BMD. 11 Furthermore, supplementation of exogenous estrogens by way of postmenopausal HT increases postmenopausal BMD and reduces the risk of fractures. 33 During the perimenopausal phase, an acceleration of bone loss is seen with a rate of 3% to 10%.…”

“…9,10 Furthermore, the number of reproductive years, as an approximation of the duration of exposure to endogenous estrogens, is clearly related to bone mineral density (BMD). 11 The aim of the present study was to clarify whether women with vasomotor symptoms are different from women without symptoms with regard to BMD.…”

Maternal Mineral and Bone Metabolism During Pregnancy, Lactation, and Post-Weaning Recovery

“…However, over five dozen epidemiologic studies of pre-, peri-, and postmenopausal women have found a neutral effect (16,38,63,158,203,214,215,290,292,299,341,356,368,379,383,397,444,445,448,463,481,506,509,541,547,611,619,625,636,648,683,700,761,828,845,846,861,864,865,869,879,934,935,944,951,969,1020) or a protective effect (25,27,71,…”

Age at menarche, age at menopause and duration of fertility as risk factors for osteoporosis

“…Similarly, Vico and colleagues 13 showed that duration of fertility was the best predictor of spinal BMD in a group of 128 French postmenopausal women with an age distribution similar to the one in the present study. In addition, Hagemans and colleagues 17 found that the duration of fertility explained 4.8% of the variance in spinal BMD in postmenopausal women and that the number of reproductive years was a better predictor for BMD than the age at menopause. Nguyen and colleagues reported that longer duration of exposure to estrogen through menstruation has protective effects on BMD at both axial skeletal sites of Australian postmenopausal women aged 70 + 7 years, resulting in a lower incidence of fractures, and that every 10-year increase in the duration of fertility is associated with a 3% and 3.5% BMD increase in the lumbar spine and the femoral neck, respectively 21 .…”