Indications of Neural Disorder through Automated Assessment of the Box and Block Test

Lee, T. K. M.; Leo, K. H.; Sanei, Saeid

doi:10.1109/icdsp.2018.8631815

Cited by 4 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…Several publications discuss advancements in various versions of the BBT, integrating additional technologies such as sensors, cameras, or virtual reality [ 3 8 10 11 13 15 16 ]. However, there remains a lack of validation regarding the clinical utility of digitized measurement instruments [ 11 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In recent times, several projects have focused on digitizing the BBT to improve the quality of collected data through automated measurement processes [ 6 ] or to enable cost-effective home use [ 7 ]. Technologies such as depth cameras [ 8 ], sensor wristbands [ 9 ], and infrared sensors [ 10 ] have been used to monitor hand and block movements, providing detailed data on hand dexterity, including kinematic movement profiles [ 11 ]. Virtual adaptations of the BBT use leap motion sensors [ 12 ], Microsoft Kinect sensors [ 11 12 ], or virtual reality headset [ 3 13-16 undefined undefined undefined ], eliminating the need for physical BBT materials and offering cost-effective alternatives that are suitable for home use.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Clinical Utility and Usability of the Digital Box and Block Test: Mixed Methods Study

Prochaska,

Ammenwerth

2024

JMIR Rehabil Assist Technol

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Background The Box and Block Test (BBT) is a clinical tool used to measure hand dexterity, which is often used for tracking disease progression or the effectiveness of therapy, particularly benefiting older adults and those with neurological conditions. Digitizing the measurement of hand function may enhance the quality of data collection. We have developed and validated a prototype that digitizes this test, known as the digital BBT (dBBT), which automatically measures time and determines and displays the test result. Objective This study aimed to investigate the clinical utility and usability of the newly developed dBBT and to collect suggestions for future improvements. Methods A total of 4 occupational therapists participated in our study. To evaluate the clinical utility, we compared the dBBT to the BBT across dimensions such as acceptance, portability, energy and effort, time, and costs. We observed therapists using the dBBT as a dexterity measurement tool and conducted a quantitative usability questionnaire using the System Usability Scale (SUS), along with a focus group. Evaluative, structured, and qualitative content analysis was used for the qualitative data, whereas quantitative analysis was applied to questionnaire data. The qualitative and quantitative data were merged and analyzed using a convergent mixed methods approach. Results Overall, the results of the evaluative content analysis suggested that the dBBT had a better clinical utility than the original BBT, with ratings of all collected participant statements for the dBBT being 45% (45/99) equal to, 48% (48/99) better than, and 6% (6/99) lesser than the BBT. Particularly in the subcategories “acceptance,” “time required for evaluation,” and “purchase costs,” the dBBT was rated as being better than the original BBT. The dBBT achieved a mean SUS score of 83 (95% CI 76-96). Additionally, several suggested changes to the system were identified. Conclusions The study demonstrated an overall positive evaluation of the clinical utility and usability of the dBBT. Valuable insights were gathered for future system iterations. These pioneering results highlight the potential of digitizing hand dexterity assessments.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical Utility and Usability of the Digital Box and Block Test: Mixed Methods Study

Prochaska,

Ammenwerth

2024

JMIR Rehabil Assist Technol

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“…Previous studies have presented various further developments of BBT assessments, such as the conventional BBT extended with additional technologies [10][11][12][13]28]. Other works have also investigated the BBT using virtual reality [14][15][16]29].…”

Section: Generalmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several further developments use different technologies in addition to the conventional BBT to increase the objectivity and reliability of the manual dexterity measurement. Using the traditional BBT, various technologies have been used to digitally capture hand movement during test execution, such as depth cameras [10], motion sensors [11], or infrared sensors [12]. Furthermore, there are several research works using virtual reality [13][14][15][16].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Digital Box and Block Test for Hand Dexterity Measurement: Instrument Validation Study

Prochaska¹,

Ammenwerth²

2023

JMIR Rehabil Assist Technol

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Background The Box and Block Test (BBT) measures unilateral gross manual dexterity and is widely used in clinical settings with a wide range of populations, including older people and clients with neurological disorders. Objective In this study, we present a newly developed digitized version of the BBT, called the digital BBT (dBBT). The physical design is similar to the original BBT, but the dBBT contains digital electronics that automate the test procedure, timing, and score measurement. The aim of this study is to investigate the validity and reliability of the dBBT. Methods We performed measurements at 2 time points for 29 healthy participants. BBT and dBBT were used at the first measurement time point, and dBBT was used again at the second measurement time point. Concurrent validity was assessed using the correlation between BBT and dBBT, the paired t test, and the Bland-Altman analysis. Test-retest reliability and interrater reliability were examined using the interclass correlation coefficient (ICC) by repeated measures with the dBBT within an interval of 10 days. Results Our results showed moderate concurrent validity (r=0.48, P=.008), moderate test-retest reliability (ICC 0.72, P<.001), a standard error of measurement of 3.1 blocks, and the smallest detectable change at a 95% CI of 8.5 blocks. Interrater reliability was moderate with an ICC of 0.67 (P=.02). The Bland-Altman analysis showed sufficient accuracy of the dBBT in comparison with the conventional BBT. Conclusions The dBBT can contribute to objectifying the measurement of gross hand dexterity without losing its important characteristics and is simple to implement.

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Wearable Sensors Based Automatic Box and Block Test System

Zhang

Chen

et al. 2019

2019 IEEE SmartWorld, Ubiquitous Intelligence &Amp; Computing, Advanced &Amp; Trusted Computing, Scalable Computing &Amp; Commu

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Indications of Neural Disorder through Automated Assessment of the Box and Block Test

Cited by 4 publications

References 0 publications

Clinical Utility and Usability of the Digital Box and Block Test: Mixed Methods Study

Clinical Utility and Usability of the Digital Box and Block Test: Mixed Methods Study

A Digital Box and Block Test for Hand Dexterity Measurement: Instrument Validation Study

Wearable Sensors Based Automatic Box and Block Test System

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