Indication of Silicon Essentiality in Humans : Serum Concentrations in Belgian Children and Adults, Including Pregnant Women

Dyck, Kristien Van; Robberecht, H.; Cauwenbergh, Rudy Van; Vlaslaer, Veerle Van; Deelstra, H.

doi:10.1385/bter:77:1:25

Cited by 58 publications

(70 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…[32] It is an essential nutrient for the natural ecosystem in general, [33] and for humans and other vertebrates in particular, [32,34] where silicon deprivation results in severe skeletal malformations. [35] The highest silicon concentrations were determined in avian connective tissue, compared to heart or muscle tissue.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Hence, a burst of silicon accumulation was seen around the osteoid and osteoid-bone interfaces, suggesting that this inorganic component is essential for bone formation. [32][33][34][35] Previous studies demonstrate that bio-silica combines two highly valued properties: it is osteoinductive [24,25] and it operates as a biologized, solid matrix for cells that control hydroxyapatite formation. [25] The present study aims to explore these properties in the context of a novel bonesubstitution material.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Bioinspired Fabrication of Bio‐Silica‐Based Bone‐Substitution Materials

Wiens

Wang²,

Natálio

et al. 2010

Adv Eng Mater

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The gold standard for bone reconstruction is the use of autogeneic grafts from various donor regions, since they possess osteoinductive as well as osteoconductive potential. Only a few synthetic materials possess/display properties that allow optimal bone reconstitution. Previously, we showed that the natural product, bio‐silica, comprises osteoinductive, and probably also osteoconductive activity. Bio‐silica is formed enzymatically via silicatein; this enzyme has been isolated from siliceous sponges and has also been cloned and prepared recombinantly. In the present study, silicatein was encapsulated together with its substrate, sodium metasilicate, in poly(D,L‐lactide)/poly(vinyl pyrrolidone)‐based microspheres, termed silicatein‐and‐silica‐containing microspheres (SSMs). The deposition of silica and the kinetics of silicatein release from the microspheres are given. Furthermore, SSMs were successfully embedded in a poly(vinyl pyrrolidone)/starch‐based matrix, termed plastic‐like filler matrix containing silicic acid (PMSA). A blend of SSM and PMSA forms a biocompatible, moldable, and biodegradable functional implant material that hardens at a controlled and clinically suitable rate within approximately 30 min to 6 h to implants that were tightly integrated in artificial defects of rabbit femurs. Until now no toxic reactions caused by the silicatein have been observed in vitro or in vivo. We assume that the data given here contribute to a successful introduction of the silicatein/bio‐silica‐based implant materials to the field of regenerative medicine.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bioinspired Fabrication of Bio‐Silica‐Based Bone‐Substitution Materials

Wiens

Wang²,

Natálio

et al. 2010

Adv Eng Mater

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“…Biosilica is an essential nutrient for the natural ecosystem in general, [75] and for humans and other vertebrates in particular, [76,77] where silicon deprivation results in severe skeletal malformations. [78] Thus, in avian connective tissue the highest silicon concentrations have been determined as compared to heart or muscle tissue.…”

Section: Biomedical Approachmentioning

confidence: 99%

Morphology of Sponge Spicules: Silicatein a Structural Protein for Bio‐Silica Formation

et al. 2010

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Japan) in consideration of his distinguished achievements in biomedicine. REVIEWMost forms of multicellular life have developed a calcium-based skeleton, while only a few specialized organisms complement their body plan with silica, such as sponges (phylum Porifera). However, the way in which sponges synthesize their silica is exceptional. They use an enzyme, silicatein, for the polymerization/polycondensation of silica, and thereby form their highly resistant and stabile massive siliceous skeletal elements (spicules). During this biomineralization process (i.e., biosilicification), hydrated amorphous silica is deposited within highly specialized sponge cells, ultimately resulting in structures that range in size from micrometers to meters. This peculiar phenomenon has been comprehensively studied in recent years and by several approaches; the molecular background was explored to create tools that might be employed for novel bio-inspired biotechnological and biomedical applications. Thus, it was discovered that spiculogenesis is mediated by the enzyme silicatein and starts intracellularly. The resulting silica nanoparticles fuse and subsequently form concentric lamellar layers around a central protein filament, consisting of silicatein and the scaffold protein silintaphin-1. Once the growing spicule is extruded into the extracellular space, it gains its final size and shape. Again, this process is mediated by silicatein and silintaphin-1, in combination with other molecules such as galectin and collagen. The molecular toolbox generated so far allows the fabrication of novel micro-and nanostructured composites, contributing to the economical and sustainable synthesis of biomaterials with unique characteristics.

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“…Silicon concentration in blood remains relatively constant, implying rapid distribution to tissues or excretion into the urine. While early analyses showed that serum contains 50-60 µg silicon/dL (Dobbie and Smith, 1982;Carlisle, 1984), more recent analyses indicate that human serum contains 11-25 µg silicon/dL (Van Dyck et al, 2000;Calomme et al, 1998). Exceptions included pregnant women who had very low serum silicon concentrations (3.3-4.3 µg/dL) and infants who had higher concentrations (34-69 µg/dL).…”

Section: General Information On the Metabolic Fate Of Siliconmentioning

confidence: 99%

Choline-stabilised orthosilicic acid added for nutritional purposes to food supplements

2009

EFSA Journal

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SUMMARYFollowing a request from the Commission to the European Food Safety Authority, the Scientific Panel on Food Additives and Nutrient Sources added to Food was asked to provide a scientific opinion on the safety of choline-stabilised orthosilicic acid (ch-OSA) added for nutritional purposes as a source of silicon in food supplements and on the bioavailability of silicon from this source.Choline-stabilised orthosilicic acid is a mixture of orthosilicic acid and choline chloride.The present opinion deals only with the safety of ch-OSA as source of silicon and with the bioavailability of silicon from this source. The safety of silicon itself, in term of amounts that may be consumed and the consideration of silicon as a nutrient are outside the remit of this Panel.1 For citation purposes: Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Food Additives and Nutrient Sources added to Food on choline-stabilised orthosilicic acid added for nutritional purposes to food supplements following a request from the European Commission. The EFSA Journal (2009) 948, 1-23. 2 Editorial changes only -on page 2 the words 'as well as mice' were included. The changes do not affect the overall conclusion of the opinion. To avoid confusion, the original version has been removed from the website. Choline-stabilised orthosilicic acidThe EFSA Journal (2009) 948, 2-23Silicon occurs naturally in foods as silicon dioxide (SiO 2 ) and silicates. High levels of silicon are found in foods derived from plants, particularly cereals. Silicon levels are lower in foods from animal sources.Orthosilicic acid [Si(OH) 4 ] is the major silicon species present in drinking water and other liquids, including beer, and is the most readily available source of silicon to man.The essentiality of silicon for man has not been established and a functional role for silicon in man has not yet been identified.The bioavailability of silicon under the form of orthosilicic acid has been proven for cholinestabilised orthosilicic acid.Acute oral toxicity studies in male and female rats as well as mice have been performed. The calculated mean LD 50 value for ch-OSA exceeds (for both animal species) 5000 mg/kg bw.Concerning the acute oral toxicology of choline, an LD 50 value of 6640 mg/kg bw as choline chloride was found.Subchronic toxicity studies on ch-OSA were conducted both in animals (rodents and mammals) and humans (supplementation studies). No adverse effects were observed.The proposed dosage of ch-OSA in food supplements is 5 to 10 mg silicon/day (equivalent to 0.083-0.17 mg silicon/kg bw/day for a 60 kg person). The equivalent intake of choline amounts to 101-203 mg choline/day for the ch-OSA liquid, and to 117-234 mg choline/day for the ch-OSA pellets. This results in an intake of 135-272 mg choline chloride/day for ch-OSA liquid and of 157-314 mg choline chloride/day for ch-OSA pellets.The European Food Safety Authority estimated the typical dietary intake of silicon to be 20-50 mg/day, corresponding to 0.3-0.8 mg silicon/kg bw/day for a 60 kg person, and concluded that the...

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Indication of Silicon Essentiality in Humans : Serum Concentrations in Belgian Children and Adults, Including Pregnant Women

Cited by 58 publications

References 13 publications

Bioinspired Fabrication of Bio‐Silica‐Based Bone‐Substitution Materials

Bioinspired Fabrication of Bio‐Silica‐Based Bone‐Substitution Materials

Morphology of Sponge Spicules: Silicatein a Structural Protein for Bio‐Silica Formation

Choline-stabilised orthosilicic acid added for nutritional purposes to food supplements

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