Indicações da vacina contra o papilomavirus humano

Abstract

As estimativas mundiais indicam que 20% dos indivíduos sadios estão contaminados com papilomavirus humano (HPV).1 A maior parte das infecções é assintomática 2 , e o principal ônus dessa infecção é o câncer cervical. Estima-se, ainda, que surjam 500.000 casos novos por ano, dos quais 70% ocorrem em países em desenvolvimento, 1 e que está associado a 90% dos carcinomas espinocelulares (CEC) anais.3,4 Além disso, acredita-se que tenha provocado 260 mil mortes ao redor do mundo, em 2005, 2 sendo a causa mais comum da letalidade por câncer em países em desenvolvimento.2,5 Também, imagina-se haver entre 10 a 20 lesões precursoras para cada um desses tumores, o que confirma haver contingente muito grande de indivíduos afetados pelo HPV.1 Essas condições fazem dessa infecção um problema de saúde pública mundial, tornando obrigatória a sua prevenção.A contaminação só pode ser efetivamente evitada com abstinência sexual completa para todas as práticas sexuais, porque os preservativos não garantem proteção total e o HPV pode ser transmitido mesmo por atividades sexuais sem penetração.6 É relatado que os métodos atuais de prevenção, uso de preservativos e os métodos de rastreamento, venham diminuindo a incidência do câncer genital e que mais de 90% das lesões detectadas no colo uterino são removidas ao longo de dois anos. Entretanto, é necessário conter de forma na eficaz o alastramento da infecção pelo HPV e das suas seqüelas, incluindo as verrugas anogenitais e o câncer genital e seus precursores, e a imunização preventiva oferece essa oportunidade.7 As vacinas contra o HPV atualmente disponíveis cobrem os sorotipos 16 e 18 e, no caso da quadrivalente, também os 6 e 11. 2,3,8 Esses tipos são responsáveis por 90% das verrugas, por 70% dos carcinomas e lesões pré-cancerosas de alto grau, e 35-50% das lesões anogenitais de baixo grau.9 São elaboradas a partir das cápsulas protéicas vazias produzidas por tecnologia

Knowledge concerning HPV among adolescent undergraduate nursing students

“…5 Vaccines are also very efficient in preventing HPV infection, especially when administered at the beginning of sexual life, because preadolescents and adolescents are sexually immature and possess good immune responses. 6 These vaccines do not change the course of a preexisting disease, but protect women from strains to which they have not been exposed. Since the infection is acquired after sexual activity has started, the vaccine is recommended for women who have not initiated sexual life.…”

Level of behavior and knowledge concerning human papillomavirus among university students of a nursing college

“…Even if it were extremely efficient and involved a great coverage rate, a large scale vaccination program against HPV would take years to show noticeable epidemiological effects. It is important to highlight that vaccination does not eliminate the necessity for routine examinations for cervical cancer 3,5,18 . In relation to diagnosis, 48% of the interviewees stated that they knew the diagnosis, 44% had previously heard about it but did not know what it was, while 8% had never heard about it.…”

“…Have previously heard about but don't what it is HPV is one of the hopes for the future and the vaccination program proposed by the Brazilian government, when it is available, shall be clear, precise and with an educational message not only for those who remain uninformed, but also for health professionals 3,5,18 . HPV remains an infection that is rarely discussed within society.…”

“…In a high prevalence context, infectivity and diagnosis are made by examining the clinical, subclinical and asymptomatic lesions; the dissemination of HPV is universal among the sexually active population, where men are an important means for the proliferation of the virus [1][2][3][4] . It is estimated that 15 to 40% of the world's population is contaminated with HPV 5,6 ; furthermore, more than 500,000 new cases occur worldwide every year. Among these, 70% occur in developing countries and 90% are associated with spinocellular cancer of the anal canal 7,8 .…”

“…It is believed that HPV is involved in 10 to 15% of all human neoplasias 1,[9][10][11][12][13] . Considering the dimensions of the problem, it is necessary to efficiently contain the outbreak of HPV infection and its sequelae and immunization offers one such opportunity 5,[13][14][15][16][17][18][19] . Nowadays, the available vaccines against HPV prevent the types of HVP responsible for 90% of the warts, 70% of the high-grade carcinomas and precancerous lesions and 35 to 50% of the low-grade vulvar lesions 3,5,19 .…”