Indiana Limestone: America's building stone

Shaffer, Nelson R.

doi:10.1144/sp486-2018-58

Cited by 8 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…AU was chosen due to its higher mineralogical complexity in comparison to the IL sample, as reported by Feldmann et al (2021). The IL sample comprises nearly 99% calcites (Shaffer, 2020). The solution is allowed to react for 30 min and fluid sample is withdrawn and passed through a 20 micron filter.…”

Section: Fluid Interaction With Carbonatesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Based on Loucks et al (2021) and Shaffer (2020), the K-feldspar contained in Austin Chalk and Indiana Limestone samples are 20% and 3% respectively. Assuming a biphasic rock consisting of calcite and K-feldspar with the aforementioned mineralogy and only the part of the rock that the fluids have been imbibed to be considered, the mass loss (Equations 6 and 7) of the cores can be estimated as 0.077, 0.834, and 0.140 g for the IL5, AU, and IL30 respectively.…”

Section: Mineral Dissolution and Precipitation During Acid Imbibitionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of pH on Spontaneous Imbibition in Calcareous Rocks

Pratama,

Khan

2024

Water Resources Research

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Reactive transport in porous media exhibits multifaceted interactions that are dependent on the matrix and fluid properties, and which ultimately alter these properties. A set of calcareous rock samples with unique mineralogy and varying petrophysical properties are selected for this study. A capillary rise experiment is performed in each sample, first with deionized water and then with a dilute, pH 2, HCl solution. Pre‐ and post‐acid petrophysical properties such as porosity, permeability, pore size distribution, and contact angle are measured for each sample along with the capillary rise profile. The latter is tracked by applying image analysis on video recording. The rock mineralogy significantly affects the acidic fluid intrusion into the rock samples. Calcite dissolution is the main reaction that results in the opening of the pore space. This is more prominent in all the carbonate samples where a higher proportion of calcite minerals is present. A higher capillary rise is consistently observed compared to the neutral fluid along with an increase in porosity and the mean pore size. The contact angle also undergoes changes making the carbonate matrix from oil‐wet to neutral‐wet. Coupling capillary interactions with fluid reactivity is often neglected in fluid transport phenomena. This study offers new insights into the relative importance of reactivity at the timescale of spontaneous imbibition. This is important in understanding dissolution and precipitation processes during capillary flow.

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Section: Fluid Interaction With Carbonatesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Mineral Dissolution and Precipitation During Acid Imbibitionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of pH on Spontaneous Imbibition in Calcareous Rocks

Pratama,

Khan

2024

Water Resources Research

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“…≤5 g), a sedimentary rock mainly composed of calcium carbonate, CaCO 3 , which is a commonly used building stone across the globe. 5 − 9 This widespread use is in part due to the relative ease that it can be worked and shaped, as well as a result of its perceived durability. 10 …”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…With this aim in mind, here we show how cavity ring-down spectroscopy (CRDS) can be used to monitor both the moisture content and dynamics in small samples of limestone (ca. ≤5 g), a sedimentary rock mainly composed of calcium carbonate, CaCO 3 , which is a commonly used building stone across the globe. − This widespread use is in part due to the relative ease that it can be worked and shaped, as well as a result of its perceived durability …”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Determining Water Transport Kinetics in Limestone by Dual-Wavelength Cavity Ring-Down Spectroscopy

et al. 2022

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Water plays a major role in the deterioration of porous building materials such as those widely found in built heritage, influencing many physical, chemical, and biological decay processes. This article details a proof-of-principle study using near-infrared cavity ring-down spectroscopy (CRDS) to monitor the release of water and its artificially enriched isotopologues from small (ca. 25 × 25 × 5 mm) samples of limestone subject to drying by a fixed flow of nitrogen with varying levels of humidity and at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. Under low-humidity conditions, the drying kinetics are consistent with the well-established two-phase drying process exhibited by porous materials, namely, an initial constant drying rate period (phase I) followed by a falling drying rate period (phase II). The water diffusivity during phase II, D II , was measured (for Clipsham limestone) to be 3.0 × 10 –9 ± 1 × 10 –10 m 2 s –1 . The CRDS measurements allow spectroscopic determination of the total mass of water released by the sample, and the calculated values are in excellent agreement with gravimetric analysis. Importantly, the selectivity and sensitivity afforded by CRDS allows isotope analysis to be carried out, such that the flux of isotopically labeled water out of the sample can be determined under conditions of humidified flow where there may be a simultaneous ingress of water from the environment. Dual-wavelength CRDS distinguishes isotopic species, and it is demonstrated that the drying kinetics and physical properties of the samples are self-consistent when monitoring both HDO and H 2 O (for HDO, D II was 3.2 × 10 –9 ± 4 × 10 –10 m 2 s –1 ). As the humidity levels in the flow increase, a departure from the distinct two-phase behavior is observed in the HDO drying curves. These new measurements of isotopically resolved mass fluxes will help refine models for drying mechanisms in porous media.

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“…Sedimentary rocks discussed in this volume include Indiana Limestone from the USA (Fig. 2), famous for its use in the Pentagon and the Empire State Building (Shaffer 2019). Based on its widespread use in North America, Shaffer makes a strong case for the use of the appellation 'America's Building Stone' for this stone.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Worldwide examples of global heritage stones: an introduction

Hannibal

Kramar

Cooper

2020

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Heritage stones are stones that have special significance in human culture. The papers in this volume discuss a wide variety of such stones, including stones from Europe, Asia, North and South America, Africa and Australia. Igneous (basalt, porphyry and a variety of granites), sedimentary (sandstone, limestone) and metamorphic (marble, quartzite, gneiss, slate, soapstone) stones are featured. These stones have been used over long periods of time for a wide range of uses, including monuments, buildings of architectural note, columns, roofing, tiling and lithography. A number of papers in this book provide information that is essential for eventual approval of stones as a Global Heritage Stone Resource or a group of stones as a Global Heritage Stone Province.

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Indiana Limestone: America's building stone

Cited by 8 publications

References 6 publications

Effect of pH on Spontaneous Imbibition in Calcareous Rocks

Effect of pH on Spontaneous Imbibition in Calcareous Rocks

Determining Water Transport Kinetics in Limestone by Dual-Wavelength Cavity Ring-Down Spectroscopy

Worldwide examples of global heritage stones: an introduction

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