Independent Functions of Viral Protein and Nucleic Acid in Growth of Bacteriophage

Abstract

1. Osmotic shock disrupts particles of phage T2 into material containing nearly all the phage sulfur in a form precipitable by antiphage serum, and capable of specific adsorption to bacteria. It releases into solution nearly all the phage DNA in a form not precipitable by antiserum and not adsorbable to bacteria. The sulfur-containing protein of the phage particle evidently makes up a membrane that protects the phage DNA from DNase, comprises the sole or principal antigenic material, and is responsible for attachment of the virus to bacteria. 2. Adsorption of T2 to heat-killed bacteria, and heating or alternate freezing and thawing of infected cells, sensitize the DNA of the adsorbed phage to DNase. These treatments have little or no sensitizing effect on unadsorbed phage. Neither heating nor freezing and thawing releases the phage DNA from infected cells, although other cell constituents can be extracted by these methods. These facts suggest that the phage DNA forms part of an organized intracellular structure throughout the period of phage growth. 3. Adsorption of phage T2 to bacterial debris causes part of the phage DNA to appear in solution, leaving the phage sulfur attached to the debris. Another part of the phage DNA, corresponding roughly to the remaining half of the DNA of the inactivated phage, remains attached to the debris but can be separated from it by DNase. Phage T4 behaves similarly, although the two phages can be shown to attach to different combining sites. The inactivation of phage by bacterial debris is evidently accompanied by the rupture of the viral membrane. 4. Suspensions of infected cells agitated in a Waring blendor release 75 per cent of the phage sulfur and only 15 per cent of the phage phosphorus to the solution as a result of the applied shearing force. The cells remain capable of yielding phage progeny. 5. The facts stated show that most of the phage sulfur remains at the cell surface and most of the phage DNA enters the cell on infection. Whether sulfur-free material other than DNA enters the cell has not been determined. The properties of the sulfur-containing residue identify it as essentially unchanged membranes of the phage particles. All types of evidence show that the passage of phage DNA into the cell occurs in non-nutrient medium under conditions in which other known steps in viral growth do not occur. 6. The phage progeny yielded by bacteria infected with phage labeled with radioactive sulfur contain less than 1 per cent of the parental radioactivity. The progeny of phage particles labeled with radioactive phosphorus contain 30 per cent or more of the parental phosphorus. 7. Phage inactivated by dilute formaldehyde is capable of adsorbing to bacteria, but does not release its DNA to the cell. This shows that the interaction between phage and bacterium resulting in release of the phage DNA from its protective membrane depends on labile components of the phage particle. By contrast, the components of the bacterium essential to this interaction are remarkably stable. The nature of the interaction is otherwise unknown. 8. The sulfur-containing protein of resting phage particles is confined to a protective coat that is responsible for the adsorption to bacteria, and functions as an instrument for the injection of the phage DNA into the cell. This protein probably has no function in the growth of intracellular phage. The DNA has some function. Further chemical inferences should not be drawn from the experiments presented.

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“…coli B was grown in glycerol-lactate medium [9] to a density of 5 X lo8 cells/ml and infected with North-Holland Publishing Company -Amsterdam T2 phage at a multiplicity of 5.0. Growth was arrested at desired times, by adding chloramphenicol (at a final concentration of 30 /.&ml) and chilling the culture.…”

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“…Similarly, the change in the meaning of epigenetics that was proposed by Nanney emerged at a time when it was already known that DNA was the molecule that carries the genetic information of organisms (1952) (Avery et al 1944;Hershey & Chase 1952) and when the structural details of nucleic acids were available (1953) (Watson & Crick 1953;Franklin & Gosling 1953a, 1953b. Several important discoveries in epigenetics were yet to be achieved, including Xchromosome inactivation in mammals (1961) (Lyon 1962), cytoplasmic inheritance in Paramecium (1965) (Beisson & Sonneborn 1965), characterization of the structure of nucleosomes (1974) (Kornberg & Thomas 1974) and the discovery of prions (self-replicating proteins capable of transmitting information, in analogy to nucleic acids) (1982) Prusiner et al 1982;Halfmann & Lindquist 2010).…”

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