Incubation of saccharin craving and within-session changes in responding for a cue previously associated with saccharin

Aoyama, Kenjiro; Barnes, Jesse; Grimm, Jeffrey W.

doi:10.1016/j.appet.2013.10.003

Cited by 29 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…36 This choice was validated, as the LPPs elicited by pleasant and unpleasant (relative to neutral) cues did not show a comparable trajectory, reflecting the specificity of our findings to drug-related cues. Overall, the current findings in individuals with cocaine use disorders are consistent with those of previous reports of heightened behavioral responding for drug-related cues with increasing duration of abstinence in animal models of addictions to cocaine, 4,37 heroin, 38 methamphetamine, 39 alcohol, 40 nicotine, 41 sucrose, 42 and saccharine, 43 with an eventual decline after a protracted period of abstinence. 5 …”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Incubation of Cue-Induced Craving in Adults Addicted to Cocaine Measured by Electroencephalography

2016

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IMPORTANCE A common trigger for relapse in drug addiction is the experience of craving via exposure to cues previously associated with drug use. Preclinical studies have consistently demonstrated incubation of cue-induced drug-seeking during the initial phase of abstinence, followed by a decline over time. In humans, the incubation effect has been shown for alcohol, nicotine, and methamphetamine addictions, but not for heroin or cocaine addiction. Understanding the trajectory of cue-induced craving during abstinence in humans is of importance for addiction medicine. OBJECTIVE To assess cue-induced craving for cocaine in humans using both subjective and objective indices of cue-elicited responses. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Seventy-six individuals addicted to cocaine with varying durations of abstinence (ie, 2 days, 1 week, 1 month, 6 months, and 1 year) participated in this laboratory-based cross-sectional study from June 19, 2007, to November 26, 2012. The late positive potential component of electroencephalography, a recognized marker of incentive salience, was used to track motivated attention to drug cues across these self-selected groups. Participants also completed subjective ratings of craving for cocaine before presentation of a cue, and ratings of cocaine “liking” (hedonic feelings toward cocaine) and “wanting” (craving for cocaine) after presentation of cocaine-related pictures. Data analysis was conducted from June 5, 2015, to March 30, 2016. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The late positive potential amplitudes and ratings of liking and wanting cocaine in response to cocaine-related pictures were quantified and compared across groups. RESULTS Among the 76 individuals addicted to cocaine, 19 (25%) were abstinent for 2 days, 20 (26%) were abstinent for 1week, 15 (20%) were abstinent for 1 month, 12 (16%) were abstinent for 6 months, and 10 (13%) were abstinent for 1 year. In response to drug cues, the mean (SD) late positive potential amplitudes showed a parabolic trajectory that was higher at 1 (1.26 [1.36] µV) and 6 (1.17 [1.19] µV) months of abstinence and lower at 2 days (0.17 [1.09] µV), 1week (0.36 [1.26] µV), and 1 year (−0.27 [1.74] µV) of abstinence (P = .02, partial η2 = 0.16). In contrast, the subjective assessment of baseline craving (mean [SD] rating: 2 days, 26.05 [9.85]; 1week, 18.70 [11.01]; 1 month, 10.87 [10.70]; 6 months, 6.92 [8.47]; and 1 year, 3.00 [3.77]) and cue-induced liking (mean [SD] rating: 2 days, 3.06 [2.34]; 1week, 2.33 [2.87]; 1 month, 1.15 [2.03]; 6 months, 1.00 [2.24]; and 1 year, 1.00 [1.26]) and wanting (mean [SD] rating: 2 days, 3.44 [2.62]; 1week, 2.72 [2.87]; 1 month, 1.46 [2.33]; 6 months, 1.00 [2.16]; and 1 year, 1.00 [1.55]) of cocaine showed a linear decline from 2 days to 1 year of abstinence (P ≤ .001, partial η2 > 0.26). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE The late positive potential responses to drug cues, indicative of motivated attention, showed a trajectory similar to that reported in animal models. In contrast, we did not detect incubation of subje...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Incubation of Cue-Induced Craving in Adults Addicted to Cocaine Measured by Electroencephalography

2016

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“…Incubation of craving (Grimm, Hope, Wise, & Shaham, 2001) is described as an abstinence-dependent increase in responding for a cue associated with food or drug (Grimm et al, 2011) and, recently, has been reported with the non-food or drug reinforcer saccharin (Aoyama, Barnes, & Grimm, 2014). Incubation of craving has been observed in human addicts (Nava et al, 2006; Bedi et al, 2011; Wang et al, 2013; Li et al, 2014) and may be a key factor in high rates of relapse to drugs and food in humans.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Extended exposure to environmental cues, but not to sucrose, reduces sucrose cue reactivity in rats

et al. 2015

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The present study examined the effect of extinction of sucrose-predictive contextual cues and/or sucrose satiation on the expression of sucrose cue-reactivity in a rat model of relapse. Context extinction was imposed by housing rats in their home cage or in the operant conditioning chamber for 17 hours prior to testing. For sucrose satiation, rats were allowed unlimited access to water or sucrose for 17 hours prior to testing. Cue-reactivity was assessed after either 1 (Day 1) or 30 (Day 30) days of forced abstinence from sucrose self-administration. An abstinence-dependent increase in sucrose cue-reactivity was observed in all conditions (“incubation of craving”). Context extinction dramatically reduced lever responding on both Day 1 and Day 30. Sucrose satiation had no significant effect on cue-reactivity in any condition. These results demonstrate that the context in which self-administration occurred maintains a powerful influence over cue-reactivity even after extended forced abstinence. In contrast, the primary reinforcer has little control over cue-reactivity. These findings highlight the important role of conditioned contextual cues in driving relapse behavior.

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“…This parameter represents the rate of response decrease produced by a single presentation of a reinforcer. As noted above, this equation has been fit to within-session responding for either primary (Aoyama, 1998) or secondary reinforcers (Aoyama et al 2014). Aoyama et al (2014) hypothesized that for seeking behavior (responding for secondary reinforcement) the y -axis intercept (parameter a ) may represent vigor of seeking behavior and that the slope (parameter b ) may indicate persistence of seeking behavior.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recently, we investigated the within-session changes in saccharin or sucrose seeking in the absence of drug challenge (Aoyama et al 2014). We found that a linear equation that had been previously applied to the within-session changes in responding for primary reinforcers (e.g., food) could describe those for secondary reinforcers (i.e., saccharin or sucrose seeking, Aoyama et al).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Systemic injection of the DAD1 antagonist SCH 23390 reduces saccharin seeking in rats

et al. 2016

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Conditioned cues can elicit drug- and sucrose-seeking behaviors that have been shown to depend on dopamine (DA) D1 receptors. If DAD1 receptors are also involved in seeking behavior in general, blocking these receptors should reduce seeking behavior for a non-caloric, non-drug of abuse reinforcer such as saccharin. Forty-six male Long-Evans rats lever pressed for 0.3% saccharin solution 1 h/day for 10 days. A lever response also activated a tone plus a white stimulus light. This compound stimulus lasted for 5 seconds. After 1 day of forced abstinence, rats received systemic (0, 1, or 10 μg/kg IP; n=15–16 per group) injections of SCH 23390 15 minutes prior to extinction testing. Systemic SCH 23390 reduced saccharin seeking evidenced by a significant reduction in active lever responding and a significant reduction in the number of active lever-contingent deliveries of the tone+light cue following pretreatment with 10 μg/kg SCH 23390. The slope of responding across the Test session in this group was also significantly steeper, indicating that SCH 23390 may have reduced the persistence of saccharin seeking. The results indicate that DAD1 receptors are involved in saccharin seeking and generalize the previously demonstrated anti-seeking effects of DAD1 antagonism to a non-caloric, non-drug of abuse reinforcer.

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Incubation of saccharin craving and within-session changes in responding for a cue previously associated with saccharin

Cited by 29 publications

References 35 publications

Incubation of Cue-Induced Craving in Adults Addicted to Cocaine Measured by Electroencephalography

Incubation of Cue-Induced Craving in Adults Addicted to Cocaine Measured by Electroencephalography

Extended exposure to environmental cues, but not to sucrose, reduces sucrose cue reactivity in rats

Systemic injection of the DAD1 antagonist SCH 23390 reduces saccharin seeking in rats

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