Incubation and inhibition.

Golin, Sanford; Golin, Anne K.

doi:10.1037/h0022827

Cited by 33 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 10 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…An interesting aspect of the fear incubation effect is that it appears not to be a result of fear gradually increasing above the level normally produced by limited tone-shock pairings, but rather, it is an initial inhibition of fear behavior that gradually dissipates over time [33, 55, 56]. This is not unlike the clinical phenomenon of dissociation, in which the emotional response to a salient event is often suppressed or dis-integrated from the explicit memory of the event, a symptom also known as “emotional numbing” [14, 57].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sign-tracking to an appetitive cue predicts incubation of conditioned fear in rats

Morrow

Saunders

Maren

et al. 2015

Behavioural Brain Research

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Although post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and addiction are very different disorders, both are characterized by hyperreactivity to trauma- or drug-related cues, respectively. We investigated whether an appetitive conditioning task, Pavlovian conditioned approach, which predicts vulnerability to reinstatement of cocaine-seeking, also predicts fear incubation, which may be a marker for vulnerability to PTSD. We classified rats based on whether they learned to approach and interact with a food predictive cue (sign-trackers), or, whether upon cue presentation they went to the location of impending food delivery (goal-trackers). Rats were then exposed to extensive Pavlovian tone-shock pairings, which causes the fear response to increase or “incubate” over time. We found that the fear incubation effect was only present in sign-trackers. The behavior of goal-trackers was more consistent with a normal fear response – it was most robust immediately after training and decayed slowly over time. Sign-trackers also had lower levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) protein in the prefrontal cortex than goal-trackers. These results indicate that, while many factors likely contribute to the disproportionate co-occurrence of PTSD and substance abuse, one such factor may be a core psychological trait that biases some individuals to attribute excessive motivational significance to predictive cues, regardless of the emotional valence of those cues. High levels of BDNF in the prefrontal cortex may be protective against developing excessive emotional and motivational responses to salient cues.

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sign-tracking to an appetitive cue predicts incubation of conditioned fear in rats

Morrow

Saunders

Maren

et al. 2015

Behavioural Brain Research

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…In this regard, Golin and colleagues (8; 26) and Mednick (27) suggested that the emergence of fear incubation is due to time-dependent recovery from adaptation to repeated exposure to aversive stimuli. It is likely that adaptation to shock exposure during training occurred in our experiments, because responding to the tone cue gradually decreased during training days 4 to 10 (Fig 1B).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Long-Lasting Incubation of Conditioned Fear in Rats

Pickens

Golden

Adams‐Deutsch

et al. 2009

Biological Psychiatry

112

101

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Background-In 1937, Diven (1) reported that human fear responses to cues previously paired with shock progressively increase or incubate over 24 hours. Since then, fear incubation has been demonstrated in both humans and nonhumans. However, the difficulty of demonstrating long-lasting fear incubation in rodents has hampered the study of the underlying mechanisms of this incubation. Here, we describe a rat procedure where fear reliably incubates over time.

show abstract

“…The increase in fear is assumed to be spontaneous, in the sense that the time interval is free of further exposure to the aversive stimulus" (McAllister and McAllister 1967, p. 180). Many studies of this phenomenon have been reported in the literature since Diven's (1937) original paper; the work of Bindra and Cameron (1953), Breznitz (1967), Brush (1964) and Brush and Levine (1966), Denny and Ditchman (1962), Desiderato and Wassarman (1967), Desiderato, Butler, and Meyer (1966), Golin (1961) and Golin and Golin (1966), Kamin (1957Kamin ( , 1963, McAllister (1963, 1965), McMichael (1966), Mednick (1957), Saltz and Asdourian (1963), and Tarpy (1966) being perhaps best known. McAllister and McAllister (1967) conclude a review of this field by saying that "although the incubation-of-fear hypothesis has been tested in a wide variety of situations, the phenomenon has yet to be convincingly demonstrated" (p. 189).…”

Section: The Incubation Of Anxiety/fear Responsesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The conditioning model of neurosis

1979

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The long-term persistence of neurotic symptoms, such as anxiety, poses difficult problems for any psychological theory. An attempt is made to revive the Watson-Mowrer conditioning theory and to avoid the many criticisms directed against it in the past. It is suggested that recent research has produced changes in learning theory that can be used to render this possible. In the first place, the doctrine of equipotentiality has been shown to be wrong, and some such concept as Seligman's “preparedness” is required, that is the notion that certain CS are biologically prepared to be more readily connected with anxiety responses than others. In the second place, the law of extinction has to be amended, and the law of incubation or enhancement added, according to which the exposure of the CS-only may, under certain specified conditions, have the effect of increasing the strength of the CR, rather than reducing it. The major conditions favouring incubation are (1) Pavlovian B conditioning, that is a type of conditioning in which the CR is a drive; (2) a strong UCS, and (3) short exposure of the CS-only.

show abstract

Incubation and inhibition.

Cited by 33 publications

References 10 publications

Sign-tracking to an appetitive cue predicts incubation of conditioned fear in rats

Sign-tracking to an appetitive cue predicts incubation of conditioned fear in rats

Long-Lasting Incubation of Conditioned Fear in Rats

The conditioning model of neurosis

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About