Incremental Diagnostic and Prognostic Value of Contemporary Stress Echocardiography in a Chest Pain Unit

Abstract

P atients presenting to the emergency department (ED) with chest pain represent a significant healthcare burden; the estimated annual cost to the US economy is $10 to $12 billion.1 A large proportion of ED admissions are patients with suspected acute coronary syndrome (ACS) but with a nondiagnostic ECG and a normal 12-hour troponin, although fewer than half are subsequently diagnosed with ACS.2 A retrospective study found that the mean cost per patient was ≈$3200, with 73% of cost attributable to admission time. Clinical Perspective on p 209Stress echocardiography (SE) is a safe, rapid, and reliable investigation that does not involve exposure to ionizing radiation, can be performed at the bedside, and can risk stratify such patients. 4 Our group previously reported the results of a prospective, randomized study that showed that SE was superior to exercise ECG for risk stratification and cost to diagnosis of coronary artery disease (CAD) and that a larger number of patients were safely discharged compared with exercise ECG. However, no studies to date have evaluated the clinical impact of incorporating SE, performed early for the assessment of both short-and long-term prediction of hard events (all-cause mortality and acute myocardial infarction [AMI]), into a real-world chest pain unit (CPU). Accordingly, we assessed the feasibility, safety, impact on patient triaging and discharge times, and, most importantly, the accuracy of SE in risk stratification for prediction of hard events in consecutive patients who underwent SE in our CPU.Background-Clinical assessment often cannot reliably or rapidly risk stratify patients hospitalized with suspected acute coronary syndrome. The real-world clinical value of stress echocardiography (SE) in these patients is unknown. Thus, we undertook this study to assess the feasibility, safety, ability for early triaging, and prediction of hard events of SE incorporated into a chest pain unit for patients admitted with acute chest pain, nondiagnostic ECG, and negative 12-hour troponin. Methods and Results-Accordingly, 839 consecutive patients who underwent clinical, ECG, and SE assessments within 24 hours of admission were assessed for feasibility, safety, impact on triaging and discharge, and 30-day readmission rate and were followed up for hard events (all-cause mortality and acute myocardial infarction). Of the 839 patients, 811 (96.7%) had diagnostic SE results. Median time to SE and median length of stay for normal SE patients (77%) were both 1 day. The 30-day readmission rate was 0.5%. During long-term follow-up of 27±11 months, 39 hard events (30 deaths and 9 acute myocardial infarctions) occurred. Kaplan-Meier estimates of hard events were 0.5% versus 6.6% in the normal versus abnormal SE groups, respectively, in the first year of follow-up (15 events in the first year). Among all prognostic variables, only abnormal SE (hazard ratio, 4.08; 95% confidence interval, 2.15-7.72; P<0.001) and advancing age (hazard ratio, 1.78; 95% confidence interval, 1.39-2.37; P<0.001) predi...

The clinical efficacy and long-term prognostic value of stress echocardiography in octogenarians

“…These findings are in contrast to SE studies performed in younger populations 4 5. CKD is highly prevalent in elderly populations (23% of our population) and forebodes worse outcomes, with predialysis patients having nine times higher death rates in comparison to population controls 12 13.…”

2015 ESC guidelines for the management of acute coronary syndromes in patients presenting without persistent ST-segment elevation

“…Obrazowanie obciążeniowe jest preferowane w stosunku do elektrokardiograficznej próby wysiłkowej ze względu na większą dokładność diagnostyczną [63]. W różnych badaniach wykazano, że prawidłowy wynik echokardiografii obciążeniowej (wysiłkowej, dobutaminowej lub z dipirydamolonem) ma wysoką, ujemną wartość predykcyjną dla niedokrwienia i wiąże się z doskonałymi wynikami klinicznymi u pacjentów [64,65]. Co więcej, echokardiografia obciążeniowa wykazuje większą wartość prognostyczną niż próba wysiłkowa EKG [64,66].…”

“…W różnych badaniach wykazano, że prawidłowy wynik echokardiografii obciążeniowej (wysiłkowej, dobutaminowej lub z dipirydamolonem) ma wysoką, ujemną wartość predykcyjną dla niedokrwienia i wiąże się z doskonałymi wynikami klinicznymi u pacjentów [64,65]. Co więcej, echokardiografia obciążeniowa wykazuje większą wartość prognostyczną niż próba wysiłkowa EKG [64,66]. Zastosowanie kontrastu może poprawić wizualizację granic wsierdzia, co potencjalnie zwięk-sza szansę wykrycia niedokrwienia [67].…”

The clinical impact of contemporary stress echocardiography in morbid obesity for the assessment of coronary artery disease

“…A recent observational study involving almost 900 patients presenting with acute chest pain demonstrated that diagnostic image quality was feasible in almost 99% (contrast ultrasound agent was used in 52% of these patients with unselected BMI) with optimal prognostic outcome 5. Guidelines endorse the use of contrast during SE for improved reader confidence and study accuracy 6 7…”

“…In a clinical setting, we recently reported a feasibility for diagnostic images of >99% in consecutive patients presenting with acute chest pain using state-of-the-art SE techniques as described above 5. We hypothesised that contrast-enhanced SE will be a useful technique for implementing an optimal management strategy in obese patients presenting with suspected angina.…”