Incredible pharmaceutical residues in human milk in a cohort study from Şanlıurfa in Turkey

Yalçin, Sıddıka Songül; Güneş, Bülent

doi:10.1016/j.etap.2020.103502

Cited by 5 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…Unexpected drug residues in food could cause resistance, hypersensitivity, teratogenicity, and changes in the intestinal microbiota of the exposed living organisms, including humans [ 39 ]. Remarkably, nitroxynil residues have been found in human breast milk from mothers untreated with nitroxynil [ 19 ]. For this reason, the role of Abcg2 in nitroxynil milk secretion was analyzed in this work.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, the European Commission Regulation has established the maximum residue limit (MRL) for nitroxynil in different tissues (20–400 µg/kg) and, more recently, in ruminant milk (20 µg/kg) [ 18 ] with long withdrawal periods. However, despite this strict regulation, the presence of this drug has been reported in human breast milk from mothers untreated with nitroxynil [ 19 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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ABCG2 Transports the Flukicide Nitroxynil and Affects Its Biodistribution and Secretion into Milk

Álvarez-Fernández,

Blanco-Paniagua,

Merino

2024

Pharmaceutics

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The ABCG2 transporter plays a key role in pharmacological and toxicological processes, affecting bioavailability, tissue accumulation and milk secretion of its substrates. This protein is expressed in several biological barriers acting as a protective mechanism against xenobiotic exposure by pumping out a broad range of compounds. However, its induced expression during lactation in alveolar cells of mammary gland represents a relevant route for active transport of unwanted chemicals into milk. This work aimed to characterize the involvement of ABCG2 in systemic exposure and milk secretion of the flukicide nitroxynil. Using MDCK–II cells overexpressing the transporter, we showed that nitroxynil is an in vitro substrate of different species variants of ABCG2. Moreover, using wild-type and Abcg2−/− mice, we showed that murine Abcg2 clearly affects plasma levels of nitroxynil. We also reported differences in nitroxynil accumulation in several tissues, with almost 2-fold higher concentration in kidney, small intestine and testis of Abcg2−/− mice. Finally, we proved that nitroxynil secretion into milk was also affected by Abcg2, with a 1.9-fold higher milk concentration in wild-type compared with Abcg2−/− mice. We conclude that ABCG2 significantly impacts nitroxynil biodistribution by regulating its passage across biological barriers.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

ABCG2 Transports the Flukicide Nitroxynil and Affects Its Biodistribution and Secretion into Milk

Álvarez-Fernández,

Blanco-Paniagua,

Merino

2024

Pharmaceutics

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“…Indoles are industrially used as synthetic favouring compounds for perfume fixative roles, or they can be directly present in tobacco smoke [55]. As for the quinolones, they are broad-spectrum antibiotics which have been previously detected in breast milk samples [56]. For other detected xenobiotics, it was not possible to annotate their MS2 (level 4, 16%).…”

Section: Suspect Analysis Of Commercial and Breast Milk Samplesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multi-Target Analysis and Suspect Screening of Xenobiotics in Milk by UHPLC-HRMS/MS

et al. 2021

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The development of suspect or non-target screening methods to detect xenobiotics in biological fluids is essential to properly understand the exposome and assess its adverse health effects on humans. In order to fulfil that aim, the biomonitorization of human fluids is compulsory. However, these methods are not yet extensively developed, especially for polar organic xenobiotics in biofluids such as milk, as most works are only focused on certain analytes of interest. In this work, a multi-target analysis method to determine 245 diverse xenobiotics in milk by means of Ultra High Performance Liquid Chromatography (UHPLC)-qOrbitrap was developed. Under optimal conditions, liquid milk samples were extracted with acetonitrile in the presence of anhydrous Na2SO4 and NaCl, and the extracts were cleaned-up by protein precipitation at low temperature and Captiva Non-Drip (ND)—Lipids filters. The optimized method was validated at two concentration-levels (10 ng/g and 40 ng/g) obtaining satisfactory figures of merit for more than 200 compounds. The validated multi-target method was applied to several milk samples, including commercial and breast milk, provided by 4 healthy volunteers. Moreover, the method was extended to perform suspect analysis of more than 17,000 xenobiotics. All in all, several diverse xenobiotics were detected, highlighting food additives (benzothiazole) or phytoestrogens (genistein and genistin) in commercial milk samples, and stimulants (caffeine), plasticizers (phthalates), UV filters (benzophenone), or pharmaceuticals (orlistat) in breast milk samples.

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“…According to Mensah et al (2014), in West Africa, only certain contaminants such as contamination by microorganisms (bacteria), pesticide residues and aflatoxin residues are perceived as dangers for the consumer and classified as a major threat to the environment public health (Thornber et al, 2019;Zainab et al, 2020). In Turkey, an earlier study also found betalactam antibiotic residues to be prevalent in milk (Yalçin et al, 2020). Evidence shows that resistant strains of pathogens can be transmitted to humans through food (Loayza et al, 2020).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of antibacterial activity of essential oils extracted from Thymus satureioides and Mentha pulegium against antibiotic resistance bacteria from raw sheep milk

Bouazza¹,

Hassikou²,

Amallah³

et al. 2021

MJM

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Aims: This study evaluated in vitro resistance and susceptibility of Enterobacteriaceae (Escherichia coli and Klebsiella oxytoca strains) and Staphylococci strains, isolated from sheep's milk, against antibiotics and essential oils from Thymus satureioides and Mentha pulegium. Methodology and results: Antibiotic resistance tests were done using disc diffusion while essential oils were extracted by steam distillation and yields were calculated relative to plant dry matter. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to analyze each oil's chemical composition. Amoxicillin + Clavulanic acid (AMC), Cefotaxime (CTX), Cefoxitine (FOX), Nalidixic acid (NA), Gentamicin (CN), Ciprofloxacin (CIP) and Ofloxacin (OFX) were very effective against the E. coli strains tested. Half of the strains were resistant to AMC, 60% to Ticarcillin (TIC) and 80% to Tetracycline (TE). Klebsiella oxytoca was resistant against AMC, FOX and TIC (100%). Antibiotic-resistant testing on Staphylococci strains indicated Staphylococcus capitis and S. chromogenes as the most sensitive. Staphylococcus aureus, S. xylosus and S. cohnii ureal exhibited less resistance to Oxacilin (OX), TE, Pristinamycin (PT), Erythromycin (E) and Penicillin (P). Mentha pulegium resulted in a higher yield of essential oil of 3.2% oil compared to T. satureioides with only 1.85% yield. The monoterpene oxygenated derivatives, monoterpene hydrocarbons and phenols are found in essential oil extracts. Thymus satureioides essential oil had high antibacterial activity even at low concentrations (0.2; 0.55 g/mL). The minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) values indicate that the essential oils from the plants analyzed had bactericidal effects on all strains tested and are similar to the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values. Conclusion, significance and impact of study:The high antibacterial properties of these medicinal plants, against bacteria isolated from sheep's milk, provide an opportunity to use these medicinal plants in the breeding sector, as additives and preservatives in the dairy industry.

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Incredible pharmaceutical residues in human milk in a cohort study from Şanlıurfa in Turkey

Cited by 5 publications

References 35 publications

ABCG2 Transports the Flukicide Nitroxynil and Affects Its Biodistribution and Secretion into Milk

ABCG2 Transports the Flukicide Nitroxynil and Affects Its Biodistribution and Secretion into Milk

Multi-Target Analysis and Suspect Screening of Xenobiotics in Milk by UHPLC-HRMS/MS

Evaluation of antibacterial activity of essential oils extracted from Thymus satureioides and Mentha pulegium against antibiotic resistance bacteria from raw sheep milk

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