from a progressive, fatal disease to a chronic, manageable disease marked by elevated risk of chronic comorbid diseases, including cardiovascular disease (CVD). 9 HIVinfected individuals have been reported to have an increased CVD risk, with multiple studies demonstrating a 1.5-2-fold increase in the risk of stroke or myocardial infarction compared with non-HIV-infected individuals. 10,11 In US national data, over a median follow-up of 6.8 years, 2.6% HIV patients developed AF. 12 Another study reported that there were 2.0% confirmed AF/atrial flutter (AFL) cases and 1.57% AF/AFL among uninfected controls. 13 Low CD4 counts (<200 cells/mm 3) were also associated with elevated A trial fibrillation (AF) is the most common cardiac arrhythmia and is associated with a 5-fold increase in stroke risk. Therefore, stroke prevention is the most important management consideration for patients with AF. 1-4 This is of particular concern in the HIV population because studies have shown not only a greater burden of cardiac arrhythmias, but also a higher prevalence of cerebrovascular events among patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). 5-7 The HIV pandemic continues to be a major public health problem. 8 As early and effective antiretroviral therapy (ART) has become more widespread, HIV has transitioned