Increasing the efficiency of CPP-ACP to remineralize enamel white spot lesions

A Novel Fluoride Containing Bioactive Glass Paste is Capable of Re-Mineralizing Early Caries Lesions

“…Based on the obtained results from the TMR and the SEM/EDS examination, it is suggested that the mechanism of forming the apatite layer after the BioMinF ® may be summarized as follows: the BioMinF ® powder that was mixed with 50% phosphoric acid released calcium, phosphate, fluoride, and sodium ions onto the demineralized enamel surface [ 9 , 20 , 21 ], causing the mobilization of some calcium and phosphate ions from the enamel surface [ 1 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 23 ]. The phosphate ions released from BioMinF ® powder and the diluted phosphoric acid solution, in addition to the calcium ions released from BioMinF ® were preserved from being diluted in the storage media (Saliva in case of clinical application) by the action of the protective bonding agent layer.…”

“…Moreover, some calcium and phosphate ions will be catalyzed by the presence of the fluoride ions to form a layer of acidic calcium-phosphate salts, on top of the demineralized enamel surface (as was observed by the SEM/EDS examination) [ 9 , 19 , 20 ]. The detection of trace amounts of silica on top of the enamel surface after Biomin paste application, may be attributed to the breaking down of the silica network of the BioMinF ® by the action of the water content of the aqueous part of the acidic solution used to mix the BioMinF ® powder; it was previously reported that the silica network will form the highly soluble Si-OH groups (Silanol groups) [ 9 , 20 , 21 ], upon being mixed with water, and thus it was expected that most of these silanol containing compounds would be washed out upon being rinsed with water spray after 24 h. The difficulty in detecting the fluoride peaks may be attributed to the low photon energy of the fluoride, which may render it difficult to be detected by SEM-EDS.…”

“…The resin penetration into the enamel surface would help in reinforcing the demineralized enamel surface and decrease the incidence of sample cracking to be 10% of the total utilized samples. After the polymerization of the embedding resin, the specimens were cut using a low-speed diamond saw (Isomet; Buehler, IL, USA) and were ground by SiC abrasive papers having different grits (ranging from 800 till 1200 grit) to obtain sections, which were approximately 100 to 120 μm in thickness [ 14 , 19 , 20 , 21 ]. The x-ray generator (CMR 2; Softex, Tokyo, Japan) was adjusted to generate 20 kV voltage and 2 mA currents for 10 min.…”

“…The TMR images, together with 15 aluminum step-wedges, were captured in the sensitive glass plate film, and were digitized using a digital camera attached to a microscope (ML 8500, Meiji, Techno, Japan). The relative mineral density (%) was calculated as was previously reported in References [ 14 , 19 , 20 , 21 ]. The definitions of lesion depth and the mineral loss (∆ Z , vol % μm), followed the previously published data in Reference [ 14 , 19 , 20 , 21 ].…”

Effect of Remineralizing Agents and Resin Infiltration on Resistance to Demineralization of Artificial Enamel Lesions

“…If the demineralizing process is not interrupted and reversed, WSLs might progress from demineralization to non-cavitated lesions and eventually become cavitated 2 . Consequently, remineralization of white spot lesions instead of restoring such lesions is considered one of the important aspects of minimal intervention in modern dentistry 5 . Fluoride is the basis of the non-invasive management as well as casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate-containing products.…”