Increasing stress on disaster-risk finance due to large floods

Jongman, Brenden; Hochrainer‐Stigler, Stefan; Feyen, Luc; Aerts, Jeroen C. J. H.; Mechler, Reinhard; Botzen, Wouter; Bouwer, Laurens M.; Pflug, Georg Ch.; Rojas, Rodrigo; Ward, Philip J.

doi:10.1038/nclimate2124

Cited by 462 publications

(400 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…As a consequence, combined sewage overflows, urban drainage flooding, both exacerbated by climate change, may seriously affect water quality and biodiversity. This may lead to damages from extreme weather events that are projected to increase significantly (Jongman et al 2014).…”

Section: Performance Of Cities: Main Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, riverine flood losses in Europe could more than double in frequency by 2050. However, it is estimated that by raising the flood protection standard to 1 per 100 years for all European river basins, an annual flood loss of around €7 billion is avoided whereas the associated cost to avoid this are estimated at €1.75 billion (Jongman et al 2014). Also stormwater separation and increase in soil permeability (e.g.…”

Section: -10mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Application of the Improved City Blueprint Framework in 45 Municipalities and Regions

Koop

Leeuwen

2015

Water Resour Manage

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Rapid urbanization, water pollution, climate change and inadequate maintenance of water and wastewater infrastructures in cities may lead to flooding, water scarcity, adverse health effects, and rehabilitation costs that may overwhelm the resilience of cities. Furthermore, Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) is hindered by water governance gaps. We have analyzed IWRM in 45 municipalities and regions divided over 27 countries using the improved City Blueprint® Framework (CBF). The CBF incorporates solely performance-oriented indicators that more accurately measure the city's own efforts and performances to improve its IWRM. We have also analyzed the trends and pressures (on which the city's IWRM has a negligible influence). The Trends and Pressure Framework (TPF) creates awareness of the most stressing topics that either hamper or, on the contrary, pose opportunity windows for IWRM. The improved Blue City Index (BCI*) and the Trends and Pressures Index (TPI; the arithmetic mean of all TPF indicators) have been compared with other city descriptors. The BCI* and TPI showed a significant and negative Pearson correlation (r=−0.83). This implies that cities with pressing needs to improve their IWRM also face the highest environmental, financial and/or social limitations. The BCI* and TPI correlate significantly with the ND-GAIN climate readiness index (r=0.86; r=−0.94), the environmental awareness index (r=0.85; r=−0.85), the European green city index (r=0.86; r=−0.85) and various World Bank governance indicators. Based on a hierarchical clustering of the 45 municipalities and regions, 5 different levels of sustainability of urban IWRM could be distinguished, i.e., (1) cities lacking basic water services, (2) wasteful cities, (3) water efficient cities, (4) resource efficient and adaptive cities, and (5) water wise cities. This categorization, as well as the CBF and TPF are heuristic approaches to speed up the transition towards water wise cities.

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Section: Performance Of Cities: Main Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: -10mentioning

confidence: 99%

Application of the Improved City Blueprint Framework in 45 Municipalities and Regions

Koop

Leeuwen

2015

Water Resour Manage

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“…Flood events in Europe, such as the 2002 Elbe floods and the 2007 UK floods, are considered national crises and are estimated to have caused around 15 and 6.5 billion Euro of damage respectively (European Environment Agency, 2006). Moreover, due to the combined effects of rapid urbanization, growth of population near to floodplains and flood levels increasing due to climate change and sea level rise, this trend seems likely to worsen in the near future (Hinkel et al, 2014;Jongman et al, 2014). In fact, societies seem to have the tendency to settle near water courses and this can be demonstrated by the fact that, according to the United Nations (2012), nine of the 10 largest urban 1.…”

Section: Flood Forecasting and Early Warning Systemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improving Flood Prediction Assimilating Uncertain Crowdsourced Data into Hydrological and Hydraulic Models

Mazzoleni¹

2017

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“…Over the period of 2000 -2012 average annual flood losses were €4.2 billion (Jongman et al 2014). How these losses are financed differs widely across the EU -insurance, state compensation schemes and liability being the most common approaches.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Latest projections show that flood risk is likely to increase in certain regions-due to socio-economic developments and to climate change (IPCC 2012). As an illustration, Jongman et al (2014) show that by 2050 the predicted annual damage in Europe will have risen to €23.5 billion an increase on the figure of €4 billion predicted in 2010.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reflections on the current debate on how to link flood insurance and disaster risk reduction in the European Union

et al. 2015

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This document is the author's final accepted version of the journal article. There may be differences between this version and the published version. You are advised to consult the publisher's version if you wish to cite from it. AbstractFlood insurance differs widely in scope and form across Europe. Against the backdrop of rising flood losses a debate about the role of EU policy in shaping the future of this compensation mechanism is led by policy makers and industry. In this paper we investigate if and how current EU policies influence flood insurance. While the question of supply and demand is at the core of the debate, we argue that another key dimension is often overlooked: how to use insurance as a lever for risk reduction and prevention efforts. We investigate if and how current EU policies interplay with these two dimensions and then reflect on the national policy level. We illustrate two conflicting cases of flood insurance: the United Kingdom (UK), where flood insurance provision is widely available, but subject to current reform, and the Netherlands, where efforts to introduce a broad flood insurance coverage have only recently failed. In analysing the current positions on the role of the EU in shaping flood insurance we conclude that there is wide agreement that a complete harmonisation of flood insurance offering across the EU is unlikely to be effective. We determine that there is clear scope for the EU to play a greater role in linking risk transfer and prevention, beyond existing channels, to ensure an integrated approach to flood risk management across the EU.

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Increasing stress on disaster-risk finance due to large floods

Cited by 462 publications

References 27 publications

Application of the Improved City Blueprint Framework in 45 Municipalities and Regions

Application of the Improved City Blueprint Framework in 45 Municipalities and Regions

Improving Flood Prediction Assimilating Uncertain Crowdsourced Data into Hydrological and Hydraulic Models

Reflections on the current debate on how to link flood insurance and disaster risk reduction in the European Union

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