Increasing safer sexual behavior among Lao kathoy through an integrated social marketing approach

Abstract

BackgroundAlthough HIV prevalence has remained low in Laos thus far, there is reason to be concerned that Lao male-to-female (MtF) transgender persons (kathoy) and their partners may facilitate the spread of HIV. Little is known about how to most effectively reach kathoy with HIV prevention programming. This paper evaluates an intervention with Lao kathoy with the objective of increasing safe sex with regular and casual partners.MethodsQuantitative surveys were administered in November 2004 (n = 288) and June 2006 (n = 415) using time location sampling at venues where kathoy were known to congregate. Respondents were aged 15-35 and from three urban centers in Laos. UNIANOVA tests were used to compare baseline and follow-up survey data and to evaluate the impact of PSI's kathoy-specific interventions on items that changed significantly over time.ResultsExposure to the intervention was associated with higher levels of condom use at last anal sex with casual partners and greater use of water-based lubricant. Exposure was also linked to improved perceptions of product availability for condoms and water-based lubricant. Knowledge about the importance of consistent condom use improved over time as well as the need to use condoms with regular partners. Some HIV knowledge decreased over time and the intention to use condoms with casual partners when water-based lubricant is available also declined.ConclusionsStudy results demonstrate the feasibility of reaching kathoy with an integrated social marketing approach; combining product promotion, peer education, and other types of interpersonal communication. The approach was successful at increasing condom use with casual partners and water-based lubricant use, but the importance of using condoms along with water-based lubricant must be emphasized and modified strategies are required for improving condom use with boyfriends. Future messages should emphasize consistent condom use with all types of partners as well as improve knowledge and correct misconceptions about HIV and AIDS, STIs, condom use, and lubricant use. It is also important that authorities create an enabling environment to support such interventions and help foster behavior change.

Behavioral interventions to reduce HIV risk behavior for MSM and transwomen in Southeast Asia: a systematic review

“…Table 1 describes detail characteristics of the selected studies and their study population. Of the five included studies, three were conducted in Thailand (Kasatpibal et al, 2014;Pawa et al, 2013;Rongkavilit et al, 2013), one in Vietnam (Oldenburg et al, 2014), and one in Laos (Longfield, Panyanouvong, Chen, & Kays, 2011). Only three of the included studies had both baseline and follow-up intervention data (Longfield et al, 2011;Oldenburg et al, 2014;Rongkavilit et al, 2013).…”

“…Of the five included studies, three were conducted in Thailand (Kasatpibal et al, 2014;Pawa et al, 2013;Rongkavilit et al, 2013), one in Vietnam (Oldenburg et al, 2014), and one in Laos (Longfield, Panyanouvong, Chen, & Kays, 2011). Only three of the included studies had both baseline and follow-up intervention data (Longfield et al, 2011;Oldenburg et al, 2014;Rongkavilit et al, 2013). Three studies targeted MSM (Kasatpibal et al, 2014;Oldenburg et al, 2014;Rongkavilit et al, 2013), and two observed transwomen (Longfield et al, 2011;Pawa et al, 2013).…”

“…Only three of the included studies had both baseline and follow-up intervention data (Longfield et al, 2011;Oldenburg et al, 2014;Rongkavilit et al, 2013). Three studies targeted MSM (Kasatpibal et al, 2014;Oldenburg et al, 2014;Rongkavilit et al, 2013), and two observed transwomen (Longfield et al, 2011;Pawa et al, 2013). Two studies addressed specific sub-populations of MSM, that is, HIV-positive young MSM (Rongkavilit et al, 2013) and male sex workers (Oldenburg et al, 2014).…”

“…Two studies also had interventions at the group-and community levels (Longfield et al, 2011;Pawa et al, 2013). Only one study explicitly indicated that the intervention was developed on the basis of behavioral change theory (Longfield et al, 2011). The time span of the interventions ranged from 12 weeks to 2 years, although detailed information on exposure duration was scarce.…”

Rethinking Sustainability, Scaling Up, and Enabling Environment: A Framework for Their Implementation in Drinking Water Supply

“…The enabling environment is referenced in research without defining it [36][37][38][39][40][41], creating the perception that it is a universally understood term with a common definition. One assumption about the enabling environment is that it is dependent on desired outcomes.…”