Increasing forest loss worldwide from invasive pests requires new trade regulations

Roy, Brad A.; Alexander, Helen M.; Davidson, Jennifer; Campbell, Faith T.; Burdon, Jeremy J.; Sniezko, Richard A.; Brasier, C. M.

doi:10.1890/130240

Cited by 170 publications

(126 citation statements)

References 53 publications

(117 reference statements)

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“…Particular challenges for SOD, however, include the broad host range of the pathogen, difficulties surrounding detection leading to very extensive cryptic infection, and the lack of any realistic control options other than host removal (e.g., no vaccination). The challenge-but also the opportunitypresented by increasing rates of introductions of plant pathogens (2,40) and increasing acceptance of models by policymakers (31) is now to more routinely use the insights from models in the early stages of invading epidemics, when carefully optimized management can still make a difference.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modeling when, where, and how to manage a forest epidemic, motivated by sudden oak death in California

Cunniffe

Cobb

Meentemeyer

et al. 2016

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

162

174

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Sudden oak death, caused by Phytophthora ramorum, has killed millions of oak and tanoak in California since its first detection in 1995. Despite some localized small-scale management, there has been no large-scale attempt to slow the spread of the pathogen in California. Here we use a stochastic spatially explicit model parameterized using data on the spread of P. ramorum to investigate whether and how the epidemic can be controlled. We find that slowing the spread of P. ramorum is now not possible, and has been impossible for a number of years. However, despite extensive cryptic (i.e., presymptomatic) infection and frequent long-range transmission, effective exclusion of the pathogen from large parts of the state could, in principle, have been possible were it to have been started by 2002. This is the approximate date by which sufficient knowledge of P. ramorum epidemiology had accumulated for large-scale management to be realistic. The necessary expenditure would have been very large, but could have been greatly reduced by optimizing the radius within which infected sites are treated and careful selection of sites to treat. In particular, we find that a dynamic strategy treating sites on the epidemic wave front leads to optimal performance. We also find that "front loading" the budget, that is, treating very heavily at the start of the management program, would greatly improve control. Our work introduces a framework for quantifying the likelihood of success and risks of failure of management that can be applied to invading pests and pathogens threatening forests worldwide.Phytophthora ramorum | constrained budget | landscape-scale stochastic epidemiological model | optimizing disease control | risk aversion

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modeling when, where, and how to manage a forest epidemic, motivated by sudden oak death in California

Cunniffe

Cobb

Meentemeyer

et al. 2016

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

162

174

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…But this has also been due to the large uninterrupted areas of host material available, a lack of host resistance and the absence of their own complement of natural enemies. The increasing rate at which these invasive species are becoming established represents a considerable threat to the sustainable production of many crop species (Fisher et al 2012;Bebber et al 2014a;Roy et al 2014). Managing this threat to prevent future pest accrual will require knowledge on the patterns and mechanisms of movement ("dispersal pathways" sensu Wilson et al (2009)).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The lack of a relationship between planted land and pest introductions is supported by Roy et al (2014). These authors analysed data for forest insect pest invasions in 21 countries and found no association between forested land and the introduction of invasive forest species.…”

mentioning

confidence: 97%

“…When dominant routes of entry are known, quarantine and phytosanitary measures can be used more effectively to regulate steps along these pathways (Essl et al 2015). This then reduces the probability of the introduction and establishment of invasive species, an approach referred to as pathway management (Brockerhoff et al 2006b;Liebhold 2012;Liebhold et al 2012;Haack et al 2014;Roy et al 2014). Unfortunately, for insect pests of eucalypts, the pathways of introduction are largely unknown.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Increasing numbers and intercontinental spread of invasive insects on eucalypts

et al. 2016

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Native to Australasia, Eucalyptus (sensu lato) is one of the most planted genera of trees in the world. However, the sustainability of Eucalyptus species as plantation trees in non-native areas is increasingly threatened by the introduction and spread of Eucalyptus-feeding insects fromAustralia. We examine patterns and potential trends with respect to the global spread of Eucalyptusfeeding insects. Likely pathways of introduction and drivers of the rapid distribution of these insects, as well as management options are considered. The rate of introductions is shown to have increased nearly fivefold since the 1980s. As a result, the number of non-native pests of eucalypts outside of Australia has doubled in less than three decades. Furthermore, the rate of secondary spread among continents has also increased. Surprisingly, we found no association between area planted and the number of pests or new introductions. Only a small number of countries have been the points of first detection outside the native range; these countries have acted as bridgeheads to other regions.Quarantine regulations aimed at reducing the spread of invasive organisms appear to be ineffective at a global scale, and pathways allowing these invasions to occur are poorly understood or unknown. An expanded suite of management options are needed to provide resilience against the rapid accrual and homogenization of eucalypt pests, thereby ensuring the sustainability of eucalypt forestry worldwide.

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“…Exotic fungal pathogens can have substantial impacts on vegetation communities including changes in community structure, composition and ecosystem processes, even resulting in species and communities becoming threatened with extinction in some cases (Ellison et al 2005;Loo 2009;Roy et al 2014). Austropuccinia psidii is a plant pathogenic fungus native to Central and South America discovered in Brazil in 1884 by G. Winter.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impacts of the invasive fungusAustropuccinia psidii(myrtle rust) on three Australian Myrtaceae species of coastal swamp woodland

et al. 2017

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Exotic fungal pathogens can substantially affect individuals and populations of susceptible native plant species, potentially resulting in changes in community structure and composition. Austropuccinia psidii (myrtle rust) is a pathogenic fungus native to South America that affects species in the plant family Myrtaceae. The pathogen was introduced accidentally to Australia and first detected in NSW in April 2010. Ecological impacts have been poorly studied in the native range of A. psidii and even less in its Australian introduced range. In order to assess the potential impact of A. psidii on coastal swamp woodland, two glasshouse experiments were conducted using three co-occurring species: Melaleuca quinquenervia, Leptospermum laevigatum and Baeckea linifolia. Plants of each species were grown individually (Experiment 1) and in mixed species assemblages (Experiment 2), with half inoculated with A. psidii and the other half remaining as controls. Infection level was assessed and impact on seedling survival and growth recorded. In both experiments L. laevigatum and M. quinquenervia seedlings were heavily infected and showed high degrees of susceptibility with negative effects on growth (height, biomass and number of leaves). In contrast, no B. linifolia seedling presented visible symptoms of disease, although seedlings showed reduced growth. Melaleuca quinquenervia seedlings had greater infection levels and suffered greater growth reductions than L. laevigatum in both experiments. However, there was no significant difference in the relative abundance of the three species in the mixed-species experiment. This study provides a better understanding of the potential impacts of A. psidii in this vegetation community and has significant implications for the conservation and management of Australian Myrtaceae-dominated plant communities generally.

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Increasing forest loss worldwide from invasive pests requires new trade regulations

Cited by 170 publications

References 53 publications

Modeling when, where, and how to manage a forest epidemic, motivated by sudden oak death in California

Modeling when, where, and how to manage a forest epidemic, motivated by sudden oak death in California

Increasing numbers and intercontinental spread of invasive insects on eucalypts

Impacts of the invasive fungusAustropuccinia psidii(myrtle rust) on three Australian Myrtaceae species of coastal swamp woodland

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