Increasing fish meal replacement level with feather meal in golden pompano Trachinotus ovatus diet through gamma‐ray irradiation

Abstract

High dietary fish meal level is recognized a factor impeding sustainable development of fish aquaculture since fish meal is a limited and expensive resource (Naylor et al., 2009). In the past four decades, replacement of fish meal with alternative ingredients in fish feed was intensively studied, and average dietary fish meal level for marine fish was apparently reduced from 300 g/kg in 2000 to 140 g/ kg in 2017 (Naylor et al., 2009(Naylor et al., , 2021. However, the factors limiting fish meal replacement with alternative ingredients in fish feed are still not clear, and complete removement of fish meal in commercial carnivorous fish feed is still a problem. Compared with plant ingredients, rendered animal protein ingredients, including poultry by-product meal, meat and bone meal and feather meal, have superiority as a fish meal substitute in fish feed due to high digestible protein content, excellent amino acid composition and absence of anti-nutritional factors (Wang et al., 2006). Poultry by-product meal is widely used at high levels as a dietary protein source in fish feed

Assessment of open‐source fish‐free feeds ( F3 ) for pompano, Trachinotus carolinus (Perciformes, Carangidae), under hyposaline conditions

“…Complete replacement of FM with various plant proteins has the same effect although modern processing technologies have eased negative outcomes (see: Rhodes et al, 2017; Roe et al, 2019). Similar observations have been made with other species of pompano, even with partial replacement of FM (Hamed et al, 2017; Kou et al, 2015; Nguyen et al, 2020, 2021; Nguyen & Do, 2021; Ren, Zhu, Wu, Huang, et al, 2021; Ren, Zhu, Wu, Jiang, et al, 2021; Shen et al, 2020; Wu et al, 2015). Better growth responses are typically obtained when blends of plant and animal proteins are used.…”

“…Similar observations have been made with other species of pompano, even with partial replacement of FM (Hamed et al, 2017;Kou et al, 2015;Nguyen et al, 2020Ren, Zhu, Wu, Huang, et al, 2021;Ren, Zhu, Wu, Jiang, et al, 2021;Shen et al, 2020;Wu et al, 2015). Better growth responses are typically obtained when blends of plant and animal proteins are used.…”