Increasing cannabis use and importance as an environmental contaminant mixture and associated risks to exposed biota: A review

Kennedy, Emily K. C.; Perono, Genevieve A; Nemez, Dion B.; Holloway, Alison C.; Thomas, Philippe J.; Letcher, Robert J.; Märvin, Chris H.; Stetefeld, Jörg; Stout, Jake; Peters, Oliver; Palace, Vince; Tomy, Gregg T.

doi:10.1080/10643389.2020.1819730

Cited by 5 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 174 publications

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“…The endocannabinoid system, specifically cannabinoid CB 1 and CB 2 receptors, have been shown to regulate mood and anxiety disorders 51 – 53 . CB 1 receptors are distributed across the central nervous system (CNS) and are known to decrease the release of dopamine, norepinephrine, glutamate, and serotonin, while CB 2 is said to be associated with the immune system 44 , 54 , 55 . Interestingly, several studies have shown that the effects of βCP are mediated through the selective binding to CB 2 receptors because a CB 2 antagonist eliminated its effects 13 , 16 , 56 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of super-class cannabis terpenes beta-caryophyllene and alpha-pinene on zebrafish behavioural biomarkers

Johnson

Stewart

El-Hakim

et al. 2022

Sci Rep

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Terpenes possess a wide range of medicinal properties and are potential therapeutics for a variety of pathological conditions. This study investigated the acute effects of two cannabis terpenes, β-caryophyllene and α-pinene, on zebrafish locomotion, anxiety-like, and boldness behaviour using the open field exploration and novel object approach tests. β-caryophyllene was administered in 0.02%, 0.2%, 2.0%, and 4% doses. α-pinene was administered in 0.01%, 0.02%, and 0.1% doses. As α-pinene is a racemic compound, we also tested its (+) and (−) enantiomers to observe any differential effects. β-caryophyllene had only a sedative effect at the highest dose tested. α-pinene had differing dose-dependent effects on anxiety-like and motor variables. Specifically, (+)-α-pinene and (−)-α-pinene had significant effects on anxiety measures, time spent in the thigmotaxis (outer) or center zone, in the open field test, as well as locomotor variables, swimming velocity and immobility. (+ /−)-α-pinene showed only a small effect on the open field test on immobility at the 0.1% dose. This study demonstrates that α-pinene can have a sedative or anxiolytic effect in zebrafish and may have different medicinal properties when isolated into its (+) or (−) enantiomers.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of super-class cannabis terpenes beta-caryophyllene and alpha-pinene on zebrafish behavioural biomarkers

Johnson

Stewart

El-Hakim

et al. 2022

Sci Rep

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“…Indeed, while the route of administration and variability within and between subjects influence the pharmacokinetics of these compounds, both ∆ 9 -THC and CBD have been detected in the lungs, heart, brain, liver, adipose tissue, and breast milk, and can readily cross the placenta [76]. ∆ 9 -THC is the most potent psychoactive component found in cannabis extracts that causes a state of euphoria (generically referred to as the "high") and possesses therapeutic utility, treating nausea and emesis, appetite, spasticity, pain, and anxiety [77,78]. These effects are largely attributed to agonist activity at CB1 and CB2 receptors.…”

Section: Ecs Ligandsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Impact of Early Life Exposure to Cannabis: The Role of the Endocannabinoid System

Martínez-Peña

Perono

Gritis

et al. 2021

IJMS

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Cannabis use during pregnancy has continued to rise, particularly in developed countries, as a result of the trend towards legalization and lack of consistent, evidence-based knowledge on the matter. While there is conflicting data regarding whether cannabis use during pregnancy leads to adverse outcomes such as stillbirth, preterm birth, low birthweight, or increased admission to neonatal intensive care units, investigations into long-term effects on the offspring’s health are limited. Historically, studies have focused on the neurobehavioral effects of prenatal cannabis exposure on the offspring. The effects of cannabis on other physiological aspects of the developing fetus have received less attention. Importantly, our knowledge about cannabinoid signaling in the placenta is also limited. The endocannabinoid system (ECS) is present at early stages of development and represents a potential target for exogenous cannabinoids in utero. The ECS is expressed in a broad range of tissues and influences a spectrum of cellular functions. The aim of this review is to explore the current evidence surrounding the effects of prenatal exposure to cannabinoids and the role of the ECS in the placenta and the developing fetus.

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Environmental occurrence and ecological risks of psychoactive substances

Jin

Yang

et al. 2022

Environment International

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Increasing cannabis use and importance as an environmental contaminant mixture and associated risks to exposed biota: A review

Cited by 5 publications

References 174 publications

Effects of super-class cannabis terpenes beta-caryophyllene and alpha-pinene on zebrafish behavioural biomarkers

Effects of super-class cannabis terpenes beta-caryophyllene and alpha-pinene on zebrafish behavioural biomarkers

The Impact of Early Life Exposure to Cannabis: The Role of the Endocannabinoid System

Environmental occurrence and ecological risks of psychoactive substances

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