Increasing Body Mass Index z-Score Is Continuously Associated with Complications of Overweight in Children, Even in the Healthy Weight Range

Bell, Lana; Byrne, Sue; Thompson, Alisha; Ratnam, N.; Blair, Eve; Bulsara, Max; Jones, Timothy W.; Davis, Elizabeth A.

doi:10.1210/jc.2006-1714

Cited by 132 publications

(120 citation statements)

References 32 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…It is important to stress at this point that it is not being suggested that childhood obesity is without negative consequence. Childhood obesity is clearly associated with a range of adverse physical, psychological and social outcomes (7,(59)(60)(61)65) . In addition, the tracking of adiposity and related behaviours from childhood to adulthood increases the risk of morbidity and mortality related to chronic disease in adulthood.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Widespread and extreme obesity are more common now (1) , combined with an obesogenic environment (9) ; so current estimates may underestimate the strength of tracking of obesity between childhood and adulthood in contemporary populations. Additionally, research has demonstrated that many obese children already manifest some metabolic complications, including impaired glucose tolerance, dyslipidaemia, hypertension, fatty liver disease and systemic low-grade inflammation (59)(60)(61) .…”

Section: Methodological Considerations: Sampling and Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Childhood obesity: the impact on long-term risk of metabolic and CVD is not necessarily inevitable

McMullen

2014

Proc. Nutr. Soc.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The worldwide prevalence of overweight and obesity in the adult population is estimated to be 35 %. These trends are reflected in childhood obesity prevalence, and the potential impact of early-onset obesity is of great concern. The aim of this review was to investigate the long-term implications of childhood obesity for metabolic and cardiovascular health, focusing on the independent contribution of childhood obesity to adult disease risk, as distinct from associations mediated by tracking of obesity across the lifespan. The data systematically reviewed provide little evidence to suggest that childhood overweight and obesity are independent risk factors for metabolic and cardiovascular risk during adulthood. Instead, the data demonstrate that the relationships observed are dependent on tracking of BMI between childhood and adulthood, alongside persistence of dietary patterns and physical activity. Adjustment for adult BMI uncovers unexpected negative associations between childhood BMI and adult disease, suggesting a protective effect of childhood obesity at any given level of adult BMI. Further work is required to explain these findings, both in terms of pathways and statistical artefacts. To conclude, it must be stressed that it is not suggested that childhood obesity is without negative consequence. Childhood obesity is clearly associated with a range of adverse physical and psychological outcomes. However, the data are important in supporting a positive message that the long-term consequences of childhood obesity are avoidable; and that there remains opportunity for intervention across the lifespan. This nuance in understanding long-term risk is important when considering the effectiveness of interventions at different stages of the lifespan. Childhood: Obesity: Metabolic syndrome: Cardiovascular disease: Blood pressureThe worldwide prevalence of overweight and obesity in the adult population is currently estimated to be 35 %, rising to over 70 % in some population groups, with rates of obesity nearly doubling between 1980 and 2008 (1) . This is a global phenomenon, with the prevalence of overweight and obesity in low-and middleincome countries on the rise, mirroring their transition to the obesogenic environments more commonly associated with 'Western' living. The relationship between obesity and risk of non-communicable disease in adulthood has long been established, with a wealth of evidence demonstrating the considerable impact of excess adiposity on the health and wellbeing of populations (2) . The trends in adult overweight and obesity are reflected in childhood obesity prevalence, and the potential impact of early-onset obesity is of great concern. It has been estimated that 200 million school-aged children were overweight or obese in 2010 worldwide, with a prevalence of >20 % in European states and >30 % in regions of North America (3) . In the UK, the 2007 Foresight report showed that about 8-10 % of girls and boys were obese in 2004, and this was projected to rise to an estimated 25 % by 2050 (4)...

show abstract

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodological Considerations: Sampling and Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Childhood obesity: the impact on long-term risk of metabolic and CVD is not necessarily inevitable

McMullen

2014

Proc. Nutr. Soc.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…2 Longitudinal studies have shown that childhood obesity increases risk for later T2DM predominantly through tracking of obesity over many years and into adult life. [3][4][5] During childhood, greater BMIs are associated with concomitant increases in risk factors for later disease, 6 and youth with greater adiposity are more likely to develop insulin resistance and prediabetes. 7 T2DM develops in those who continue to gain weight 8 and in those with a genetic susceptibility for reduced compensatory insulin secretion in response to peripheral insulin resistance.…”

Section: What This Study Addsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Insulin and BMI as Predictors of Adult Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

et al. 2015

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Fasting insulin concentrations are increasingly being used as a surrogate for insulin resistance and risk for type 2 diabetes (T2DM), although associations with adult outcomes are unclear. Our objective was to determine whether fasting insulin concentrations in childhood associate with later T2DM. METHODS:Fasting insulin values were available from 2478 participants in the longitudinal Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study at baseline age 3 to 18 years, along with data on adult T2DM (N = 84, mean age = 39.6 years). RESULTS:Among 3-to 6-year-olds, a 1-SD increase in fasting insulin was associated with a relative risk (RR) of 2.04 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.54-2.70) for later T2DM, which remained significant after we adjusted for BMI and parental history of T2DM. For those aged 9 to 18 years, a 1-SD increase in insulin was associated with an RR of 1.32 (95% CI, 1.06-1.65) for T2DM, but this became nonsignificant after we adjusted for BMI and parental history of T2DM. In the latter age group, a 1-SD increase in BMI was associated with an RR of 1.45 (95% CI, 1.21-1.73) for T2DM, with adjustment for insulin and parental history of T2DM not improving this association. BMI in younger children was not associated with later T2DM. In life course analyses, those with T2DM had higher fasting insulin levels in early childhood and later adulthood but not in peripubertal years.CONCLUSIONS: Elevated fasting insulin concentrations in early childhood, but not adolescence, are independently associated with an elevated risk of T2DM in adulthood. WHAT'S KNOWN ON THIS SUBJECT:Fasting insulin levels in childhood are increasingly being used as a surrogate for insulin resistance and risk of later type 2 diabetes, despite only a moderate correlation with whole-body insulin sensitivity and few data related to adult outcomes. WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS:Elevated insulin values between the ages of 3 and 6 years are associated with an elevated risk for later type 2 diabetes. In 9-to 18-year-olds, elevated BMI (but not insulin values) is associated with later type 2 diabetes. Drs Sabin and Magnussen contributed equally to the study. Dr Sabin conceptualized the study, analyzed the data, and drafted the initial manuscript; Drs Magnussen and Juonala analyzed the data and assisted in writing core aspects of the manuscript; Professor Shield provided critical analysis of the findings and interpretation; Drs Kähönen, Lehtimäki, Rönnemaa, Knip, and Hutri-Kähönen and Professor Viikari collected the study data; Dr Koskinen and Professor Dwyer provided critical analysis of the findings and interpretation; Dr Loo collected the study data and provided data related to the correction of insulin values over time; Professor Raitakari led the study and was involved in all aspects of the study including conceptualization, data collection, analysis, and interpretation; and all authors approved the final manuscript as submitted. With the high prevalence of childhood obesity, pediatricians are routinely encountering obese patie...

show abstract

“…Bell et al 35 studied the association between metabolic alterations and z-BMI increase in children aged 6 to 13 years. The regression with BP showed a linear aspect; the regression with TG and HDL showed a curve-shaped aspect, which indicates that the increase in the z-BMI in the upper extremity of the spectrum (>2 z-BMI) has a higher impact on unfavorable lipid profiles.…”

Section: Lavrador Et Al Cardiovascular Risks In Obese Adolescentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Riscos cardiovasculares em adolescentes com diferentes graus de obesidade

Lavrador¹,

Abbes²,

Escrivão³

et al. 2011

Arq. Bras. Cardiol.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

Increasing Body Mass Index z-Score Is Continuously Associated with Complications of Overweight in Children, Even in the Healthy Weight Range

Abstract: Child's BMI z-score is independently related to complications of overweight and obesity in a linear or curvilinear fashion. Children's risks of most complications increase across the entire range of BMI values and are not defined by thresholds.

Cited by 132 publications

References 32 publications

Childhood obesity: the impact on long-term risk of metabolic and CVD is not necessarily inevitable

Childhood obesity: the impact on long-term risk of metabolic and CVD is not necessarily inevitable

Insulin and BMI as Predictors of Adult Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Riscos cardiovasculares em adolescentes com diferentes graus de obesidade

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About