Increasing Area Deprivation and Socioeconomic Inequalities in Heart Disease, Stroke, and Cardiovascular Disease Mortality Among Working Age Populations, United States, 1969-2011

Abstract

Objectives:We examined the extent to which area- and individual-level socioeconomic inequalities in cardiovascular-disease (CVD), heart disease, and stroke mortality among United States men and women aged 25-64 years changed between 1969 and 2011.Methods:National vital statistics data and the National Longitudinal Mortality Study were used to estimate area- and individual-level socioeconomic gradients in mortality over time. Rate ratios and log-linear and Cox regression were used to model mortality trends and differentials.Results:Area socioeconomic gradients in mortality from CVD, heart disease, and stroke increased substantially during the study period. Compared to those in the most affluent group, individuals in the most deprived area group had, respectively 35%, 29%, and 73% higher CVD, heart disease, and stroke mortality in 1969, but 120-121% higher mortality in 2007-2011. Gradients were steeper for women than for men. Education, income, and occupation were inversely associated with CVD, heart disease, and stroke mortality, with individual-level socioeconomic gradients being steeper during 1990-2002 than in 1979-1989. Individuals with low education and incomes had 2.7 to 3.7 times higher CVD, heart disease, and stroke mortality risks than their counterparts with high education and income levels.Conclusions and Global Health Implications:Although mortality declined for all US groups during 1969-2011, socioeconomic disparities in mortality from CVD, heart disease and stroke remained marked and increased over time because of faster declines in mortality among higher socioeconomic groups. Widening disparities in mortality may reflect increasing temporal areal inequalities in living conditions, behavioral risk factors such as smoking, obesity and physical inactivity, and access to and use of health services. With social inequalities and prevalence of smoking, obesity, and physical inactivity on the rise, most segments of the working-age population in low- and middle-income countries will likely experience increased cardiovascular-disease burden in terms of higher morbidity and mortality rates.

Distribution of Cardiovascular Health by Individual- and Neighborhood-Level Socioeconomic Status: Findings From the Jackson Heart Study

“…Low CVH scores are linked to poor CVD outcomes, and targeting public health interventions to improve CVH scores among low SES individuals may have substantial societal implications. Indeed, there is evidence of widening disparities in CVD by SES in the United States [27]. Data from the 2009 California Health Interview Survey indicated that higher education was associated with better CVH in terms of its individual components [16].…”

Regional Deprivation Index and Socioeconomic Inequalities Related to Infant Deaths in Korea

“…In particular, several articles demonstrated that the regional deprivation index is associated with the infant mortality rate. Singh et al ( 6 ) demonstrated that the interquintile differences in infant mortality rate increased from 1969 to 2000 in the United States.…”

Socioeconomic gradients in admission to coronary or intensive care units among Australians presenting with non-traumatic chest pain in emergency departments

“…Socioeconomic inequalities in cardiovascular morbidity and mortality have been reported in many regions including the US [ 1 ], the UK [ 2 ], Australia [ 3 ] and other Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries [ 4 ]. Cardiovascular morbidity measures such as admission rates for cardiac related conditions have generally dropped over the past two decades [ 5 ].…”

“…However, relative inequality in cardiovascular emergency admissions and cardiovascular related mortality actually increased in the most disadvantaged compared with the least disadvantaged [ 6 ]. These disparities have been attributed to a range of socioeconomic determinants of health and health behaviours, rooted in social rank as determined by education, occupational hierarchy and income [ 1 , 4 , 7 , 8 ]. The relationship between socioeconomic status and general health, and, in particular, cardiovascular health, has been demonstrated within different races and ethnic groups [ 9 ], suggesting that cultural and ethnic dissimilarities do not explain the socioeconomic differences.…”