A lthough islands cover only ~5% of the global land area, they support ~20% of terrestrial plant and vertebrate species (Courchamp et al. 2014). Insular species are particularly vulnerable to extinction; one-third of critically endangered species and nearly two-thirds of recent extinctions consisted of species endemic to islands (Tershy et al. 2015), and these declines may have impacts on Indigenous peoples (Lyver et al. 2019). Several interacting factors contribute to this vulnerability, including invasions by non-native species and habitat loss (Simberloff et al. 2013). Island ecosystems are particularly susceptible to multiple climate-change factors, including rising sea level and loss of suitable climatic conditions (Courchamp et al. 2014), but conservation and restoration efforts rarely account for such interacting drivers of change (Parmesan et al. 2013). Understanding the effects of climate change on island ecosystems necessitates knowing how climate interacts with other ecologically influential processes (eg habitat loss, land transformation, invasive species). Here, we use the example of New Zealand to highlight interactions between changing climate and other threats to biodiversity, and stress the need to collect and maintain long-term datasets to improve strategies to mitigate climate-change effects. Lessons learned from New Zealand are relevant to islands (and potentially continental systems) elsewhere (Simberloff 2019), particularly with respect to the indirect and interactive effects of climate-change impacts. Although we focus on land-based ecosystems, we note that warming seas and ocean acidification are affecting marine systems in New Zealand's territorial waters, as well as elsewhere. Finally, we emphasize the need to work with Indigenous communities to improve the effectiveness of mitigation and adaptation approaches. New Zealand (also known by the Indigenous name Aotearoa) consists of three main islands, along with hundreds of smaller islands in rivers, lakes, and harbors, as well