Increases in tissue amino acid levels in response to ammonia stress in the terrestrial isopodPorcellio scaber Latr.

The article discusses advances in osmoregulation and excretion with emphasis on how multicellular animals in different osmotic environments regulate their milieu intérieur. Mechanisms of energy transformations in animal osmoregulation are dealt with in biophysical terms with respect to water and ion exchange across biological membranes and coupling of ion and water fluxes across epithelia. The discussion of functions is based on a comparative approach analyzing mechanisms that have evolved in different taxonomic groups at biochemical, cellular and tissue levels and their integration in maintaining whole body water and ion homeostasis. The focus is on recent studies of adaptations and newly discovered mechanisms of acclimatization during transitions of animals between different osmotic environments. Special attention is paid to hypotheses about the diversity of cellular organization of osmoregulatory and excretory organs such as glomerular kidneys, antennal glands, Malpighian tubules and insect gut, gills, integument and intestine, with accounts on experimental approaches and methods applied in the studies. It is demonstrated how knowledge in these areas of comparative physiology has expanded considerably during the last two decades, bridging seminal classical works with studies based on new approaches at all levels of anatomical and functional organization. A number of as yet partially unanswered questions are emphasized, some of which are about how water and solute exchange mechanisms at lower levels are integrated for regulating whole body extracellular water volume and ion homeostasis of animals in their natural habitats. © 2014 American Physiological Society.

show abstract

Osmoregulation and Excretion

Larsen

Deaton

Onken

et al. 2014

Comprehensive Physiology

179

141

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

Mechanisms of Excretion and Ion Transport in Invertebrates

O’Donnell

1997

Comprehensive Physiology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The sections in this article are: Ion Transport and Osmoregulation in Invertebrates: Functional Morphology and Cellular Mechanisms Water Expulsion Vesicles and Contractile Vacuoles in Protozoans, Sponges, and Cnidarians Nephridia and Coelomoducts: Embryology and Terminology Nephridia Coelomoduct‐Derived Renal Organs Gut‐Derived Renal Organs Other Ion‐Transporting Structures Excretion in Invertebrates Nitrogenous Wastes Alkaloids Organic Anions Organic Cations Magnesium and Sulfate Storage and Deposit Excretion Catabolism of Insect Neurohormones by Malpighian Tubules Roles of Arthropod Excretory Systems and Molluscan Mantle in Acid‐Base Regulation Active Transport of Sugars Transport of Cardiac Glycosides Passive Permeability to Metabolites and Toxins Future Research

show abstract