Increased Zooxanthellae Nitric Oxide Synthase Activity Is Associated With Coral Bleaching

Trapido-Rosenthal, Henry G.; Zielke, Sandra; Owen, Richard; Buxton, Lucy; Boeing, Brian M.; Bhagooli, Ranjeet; Archer, Jessica

doi:10.2307/3593094

Cited by 53 publications

(50 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…This pathway has not been described in cnidarians. In a recent publication, preparations of expelled as well as freshly isolated algae from the coral Madracis mirabilis showed increased NOS activity during heat stress, as measured by the conversion of arginine to citrulline (Trapido-Rosenthal et al, 2005). This apparently algal NOS-like activity may be explained by host cell contamination that, in our experience, is unavoidable in such preparations.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 82%

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Nitric oxide and cnidarian bleaching: an eviction notice mediates breakdown of a symbiosis

Perez

Weis

2006

Journal of Experimental Biology

175

196

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presented here show that the host cell is a major source of NO during exposure to elevated temperatures and that this constitutes a cytotoxic response leading to bleaching. These results have important evolutionary implications as the observed NO production in these basal metazoans displays many parallels to the cytotoxic inflammatory response to pathogens, a well-understood process in mammalian model systems.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 82%

“…In the symbiotic anemone Aiptasia pallida, an arginine-dependent NOS-like activity has been reported (Trapido-Rosenthal et al, 2001). Further, NO was produced in freshly isolated algae from the coral Madracis mirabilis and was implicated in the bleaching process (Trapido-Rosenthal et al, 2005).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nitric oxide and cnidarian bleaching: an eviction notice mediates breakdown of a symbiosis

Perez

Weis

2006

Journal of Experimental Biology

175

196

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“…Since peroxynitrite is very reactive under physiological conditions and formed by the reaction between nitric oxide (NO•) and O 2 •− , the presence of high concentrations of GFP in corals would not only be useful in preventing the formation of hydroxyl radicals but also in preventing the formation of peroxynitrite since NO• is known to occur in symbiotic cnidarians and nitric oxide synthase activity increases in corals experiencing thermal stress [35,36].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quenching of superoxide radicals by green fluorescent protein

Bou-Abdallah

Chasteen

Lesser

2006

Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects

162

144

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Green fluorescent protein (GFP) is a widely used in vivo molecular marker. These proteins are particularly resistant, and maintain function, under a variety of cellular conditions such as pH extremes and elevated temperatures. Green fluorescent proteins are also abundant in several groups of marine invertebrates including reef-forming corals. While molecular oxygen is required for the post-translational maturation of the protein, mature GFPs are found in corals where hyperoxia and reactive oxygen species (ROS) occur due to the photosynthetic activity of algal symbionts. In vitro spin trapping electron paramagnetic resonance and spectrophotometric assays of superoxide dismutase (SOD)-like enzyme activity show that wild type GFP from the hydromedusa, Aequorea victoria, quenches superoxide radicals (O 2 •− ) and exhibits SOD-like activity by competing with cytochrome c for reaction with O 2 •− . When exposed to high amounts of O 2 •− the SOD-like activity and protein structure of GFP are altered without significant changes to the fluorescent properties of the protein. Because of the distribution of fluorescent proteins in both the epithelial and gastrodermal cells of reef-forming corals we propose that GFP, and possibly other fluorescent proteins, can provide supplementary antioxidant protection.

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“…NOS activity in a sea anemone was first reported by Trapido-Rosenthal et al (43), and NO production has since been linked to cnidarian bleaching (44,45), presumably via up-regulation of NF-B (46). Perez and Weis (47) found that the major source of stress-induced NO production was in the host cells of the symbiotic anemone A. pallida.…”

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confidence: 99%

A Profile of an Endosymbiont-enriched Fraction of the Coral Stylophora pistillata Reveals Proteins Relevant to Microbial-Host Interactions

Weston

Dunlap

Shick

et al. 2012

Molecular & Cellular Proteomics

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This study examines the response of Symbiodinium sp. endosymbionts from the coral Stylophora pistillata to moderate levels of thermal "bleaching" stress, with and without trace metal limitation. Using quantitative high throughput proteomics, we identified 8098 MS/MS events relating to individual peptides from the endosymbiontenriched fraction, including 109 peptides meeting stringent criteria for quantification, of which only 26 showed significant change in our experimental treatments; 12 of 26 increased expression in response to thermal stress with little difference affected by iron limitation. Surprisingly, there were no significant increases in antioxidant or heat stress proteins; those induced to higher expression were generally involved in protein biosynthesis. An outstanding exception was a massive 114-fold increase of a viral replication protein indicating that thermal stress may substantially increase viral load and thereby contribute to the etiology of coral bleaching and disease. In the absence of a sequenced genome for Symbiodinium or other photosymbiotic dinoflagellate, this proteome reveals a plethora of proteins potentially involved in microbial-host interactions. This includes photosystem proteins, DNA repair enzymes, antioxidant enzymes, metabolic redox enzymes, heat shock proteins, globin hemoproteins, proteins of nitrogen metabolism, and a wide range of viral proteins associated with these endosymbiont-enriched samples. Also present were 21 unusual peptide/protein toxins thought to originate from either microbial consorts or from contamination by coral nematocysts. Of particular interest are the proteins of apoptosis, vesicular transport, and endo/exocytosis, which are discussed in context of the cellular processes of coral bleaching. Notably, the protein complement provides evidence that, rather than being expelled by the host, stressed endosymbionts may mediate their own departure.

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Increased Zooxanthellae Nitric Oxide Synthase Activity Is Associated With Coral Bleaching

Cited by 53 publications

References 23 publications

Nitric oxide and cnidarian bleaching: an eviction notice mediates breakdown of a symbiosis

Nitric oxide and cnidarian bleaching: an eviction notice mediates breakdown of a symbiosis

Quenching of superoxide radicals by green fluorescent protein

A Profile of an Endosymbiont-enriched Fraction of the Coral Stylophora pistillata Reveals Proteins Relevant to Microbial-Host Interactions

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