The release of phosphorus (P) and zinc (Zn) from swine manure compost and from soils applied with swine manure compost can be accelerated by colloidal particles. This study investigated the concentrations and chemical species of P and Zn in waterdispersible colloids (WDCs) collected from swine manure compost by using X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) spectroscopy. A filtration and ultracentrifugation process was used to separate and collect WDCs (20-1000 nm) from the bulk swine manure compost (<2 mm). The swine manure compost contained 2.7 g kg -1 WDC, in which P (140 g kg) was highly concentrated and Zn concentrations were greater than in the bulk compost (1.45 g kg -1). Phosphorus K-edge X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy determined the presence of struvite (NH 4 MgPO 4 ·6H 2 O) as a major P species (74%), followed by tricalcium phosphate as a secondary component (26%). In the WDC fraction, struvite was not found, but tricalcium phosphate (56%) occurred as a primary component. Zinc K-edge XAFS spectroscopy determined hopeite [Zn 3 (PO 4 ) 2 ·4H 2 O, 59%] and to a lesser extent smithsonite (ZnCO 3 , 24%) and Zn adsorbed on ferrihydrite (17%). In the WDC fraction, hopeite (44%) and organically bound Zn (35%) were predominant. Our results demonstrate the notable difference in the concentration and chemical species of P and Zn between the WDC and bulk fractions of swine manure compost.
Chemical Species of Phosphorus and Zinc in Water-Dispersible Colloids from Swine Manure CompostKosuke Yamamoto and Yohey Hashimoto* A ccumulation of phosphorus (P) and zinc (Zn) is a concern in agricultural soils where intensive and long-term applications of swine manure are practiced (Martinez and Peu, 2000;Penha et al., 2015). The effluence of P and Zn from swine manure and from soil applied with swine manure can be accelerated by colloidal particles (1-1000 nm in accordance to the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry definition) (Slomkowski et al., 2011). Hens and Merckx (2001) reported that P associated with colloidal particles accounts for approximately 75% of effluent P from agricultural soils. Karathanasis (1999) reported that Zn mobility in soils increased 5-to 50-fold in the presence of colloidal particles. Regarding the effects of colloidal particles on bioavailability of elements, Montalvo et al. (2015) demonstrated that colloidal particles increased P bioavailability in a study on P uptake flux by wheat, which accelerated five times in the presence of colloidal P than with dissolved P only. Despite the importance of colloidal fractions in transport and bioavailability, studies have mainly focused on P in particulate and dissolved fractions (operationally defined as a <0.45-mm fraction) and thereby have neglected colloidal fractions in environmental samples.Water-dispersible colloids (WDCs) are representative of readily mobile colloids because of the high dispersibility and mobility in the soil solution (de Jonge et al., 2004). Phosphorus concentrations in WDC fractions (5....