Increased Tolerance of Bean Plants to Soil Drought by means of Growth-retarding Substances

Halevy, A. H.; Kessler, Bezalel

doi:10.1038/197310a0

Cited by 49 publications

(13 citation statements)

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“…The growth retardant, (2-chloroethy]) trimethylammonium chloride (CCC) has been used extensively to regulate growth and productivity of various plant species (Wittwer and Tolbert 1960, Marth 1963, Plaut and Halevy 1966. Other investigators (Halevy and Kessler 1963, EI-Damaty et al 1965, Halevy and Wittwer 1965 have reported that CCC increases drought tolerance of some species by probably delaying cell senescence. There are,, however, conflicting reports on the effect of the growth retardant on stomatal density and the rate of transpiration (Asher 1963,, Plaut et al 1964, El-Damaty et al 1965, and Emden and Cockshull 1967.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Response of Cowpeas to Salinity and (2‐Chloroethyl) trimethyl‐ammonium Chloride (CCC)

Imbamba

1973

Physiologia Plantarum

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Recent investigations have demonstrated that the growth retardant, (2‐chloroethyl) trimethyl‐ammonium chloride (CCC) inhibits several aspects of vegetative growth. In solution culture experiments, reduction in plant growth and dry matter production was confirmed in cowpeas, Vigna unguiculata L, (cv. Makueni II), when treated with CCC. The growth retardant had negligible effect on the rate of transpiration per unit leaf area although it slightly increased the relative water content of leaves. Stomatal opening was suppressed by CCC treatment but the number of stomata per unit leaf area was increased by the growth retardant. Variations in mineral element content (K, Ca, N and Na) of shoots are presented and discussed in relation to CCC treatment.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Response of Cowpeas to Salinity and (2‐Chloroethyl) trimethyl‐ammonium Chloride (CCC)

Imbamba

1973

Physiologia Plantarum

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“…There are other recent observations that reductions in transpiration occurred when various substances were applied to the roots of plants, but usually effects on stomata are not described. Halevy & Kessler (1963) have shown that transpiration, as measured by soil moisture determination, is diminished in bean seedlings watered with solutions of (2-chloroethyl) trimethylammomium chloride (' CCC ') or 2,q-dichlorobenzyltributyl phosphonium chloride (' Phosfon'). Allerup (1962) has found that I-IO% ethyl alcohol added to the nutrient solution in which barley seedlings were grown rapidly lowered the transpiration.…”

Section: (4) Inhibitors Of Openingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental and Biochemical Control of Stomatal Movement in Leaves

Zelitch

1965

Biological Reviews

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Summary The chloroplasts of guard cells are largely responsible for the response of stomata to light. The opening movement is probably associated with the synthesis of ATP by non‐cyclic photophosphorylation, and the obligatory fixation of carbon dioxide to produce glycolic acid. The oxidative metabolism of glycolic acid is related to ATP synthesis as well as to the possible formation of carbohydrate. In the absence of oxygen in the gas phase, stomata open poorly, and the synthesis of glycolic acid is also inhibited. α‐Hydroxysulphonates, which are inhibitors of glycolate oxidase, prevent stomatal opening in a competitive manner. High concentrations of carbon dioxide close stomata and inhibit the formation of glycolic acid, and the effect of high carbon dioxide on closing can be reversed by providing the tissue with glycolic acid. When leaf hydration is not limiting, raising the temperature in the environment causes an increase in the steady state of the stomatal aperture. There is little effect of temperature on the rate of closing in darkness, hence opening is the active process. A large number of chemical inhibitors were found to prevent opening, either by interfering with metabolic reactions in the guard cells concerned with the ‘pump’ responsible for the increased turgidity, or by acting on the membranes that serve as a ‘check valve’. Sodium azide is a substance which acts by both mechanisms, but the maximal effect occurs at different concentrations, and experiments with this inhibitor have shown that the opening and closing reactions operate independently.

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“…The chemicals of the former group include the metabolic inhibitors PMA3 (3,12,14,19,20) and the metal chelate 8-HQ (19,20). Certain growth retardants such as CCC and B-Nine belong to the latter group (2,5,13). A comprehensive review of the physiology of growth-retarding chemicals has also appeared (2).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Certain growth retardants such as CCC and B-Nine belong to the latter group (2,5,13). A comprehensive review of the physiology of growth-retarding chemicals has also appeared (2).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Transpiration-reducing Chemicals on Growth, Flowering, and Stomatal Opening of Tomato Plants

Mishra

Pradhan

1972

Plant Physiol.

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(3,12,14,19,20) and the metal chelate 20). Certain growth retardants such as CCC and B-Nine belong to the latter group (2,5,13). A comprehensive review of the physiology of growth-retarding chemicals has also appeared (2). It seems well established that transpiration can be reduced by foliar application of PMA (3,10,(14)(15)(16)19),, CCC (1, 2, 10) and B-Nine (10, 13). Yet the physiological effects of spray application of these chemicals have not yet been adequately studied.The water status of the plant is determined both by the soil moisture conditions and by the evaporative demand of the atmosphere. It is suggested (4) and stomata are closed, transpiration suppressants will be less effective. PMA is very effective under conditions of low soil moisture stress (3), i.e., in wet soil.The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the growth, flowering, yield, and stomatal responses of transpiration suppressant-treated and untreated tomato plants grown in wet soil. It is our opinion that as growth is controlled by water deficits in the plant, a comparison between treatments after inducing water deficit by increasing soil moisture stress would be misleading. Hence care was taken to minimize the effect of soil moisture tension during the experimental period. The effect of these chemicals in reducing the transpiration of tomato plants has been reported (10). MATERIALS AND METHODS Plant Material. Seeds of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentumtzMill. cv. Sioux) were sown in a nursery bed. Healthy and uniform (about 11 cm in height) 21-day-old seedlings were transplanted to 30-cm earthenware pots containing approximately 30 kg of garden soil and manure (3:1). The soil was sandy loam and contained 0.28 to 0.38 g of water per g dry soil following irrigation. There were two plants per pot and five pots per treatment. As far as practicable care was taken to maintain uniformity in initial plant size, soil weight, and atmospheric humidity for the plants of the control and treated series.Irrigation Procedure. Plants were watered daily during the entire growth measuring period. Fifty-nine days after the seventh spray application, fruit was harvested and irrigation was withheld. At this stage the plants were 138 days old, and the soil water content was about 33%. Soil water stress was induced at this stage because six harvests had already been collected and stress induced at this stage would reveal the responses of treated plants to soil drought without affecting measured plant growth and yield.Spray Treatments. The first foliar spray was given to the 37-day-old plants with the different test solutions, i.e., CCC (5 mM), B-Nine (5 mM), PMA (0.1 mM), and 8-HQ (1 mM). Spraying was repeated at weekly intervals and the plants received seven spray applications during the experimental period. Teepol (British Drug House) was used with the spray solution as the wetting agent. Distilled water containing Teepol was sprayed on the control plants. The spray was applied to the plants in the afternoon until the plants were dripping wet. Each p...

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Increased Tolerance of Bean Plants to Soil Drought by means of Growth-retarding Substances

Cited by 49 publications

References 2 publications

Response of Cowpeas to Salinity and (2‐Chloroethyl) trimethyl‐ammonium Chloride (CCC)

Response of Cowpeas to Salinity and (2‐Chloroethyl) trimethyl‐ammonium Chloride (CCC)

Environmental and Biochemical Control of Stomatal Movement in Leaves

Effect of Transpiration-reducing Chemicals on Growth, Flowering, and Stomatal Opening of Tomato Plants

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