Increased sensitization to aeroallergens in competitive swimmers

Zwick, Hartmut; Popp, Wolfgang; Budik, Guido; Wanke, T.; Rauscher, Helmuth

doi:10.1007/bf02719681

Cited by 86 publications

(68 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Katelaris et al (34) reported that of 214 Australian athletes from 12 Olympic sports disciplines, 56% suffered from allergic rhinoconjunctivitis and 41% had both symptoms and positive SPT. In addition, in competitive swimmers as compared with controls more frequent aeroallergen sensitization was reported (35). Bonnadonna et al (36) reported that 48.6% of 144 skiers suffered from cold-induced rhinitis, a problem which may be independent of allergen exposure.…”

Section: Rhinoconjunctivitis and Allergy In Athletesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exercise‐induced asthma, respiratory and allergic disorders in elite athletes: epidemiology, mechanisms and diagnosis: Part I of the report from the Joint Task Force of the European Respiratory Society (ERS) and the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (EAACI) in cooperation with GA²LEN

Carlsen

Anderson

Bjermer³

et al. 2008

Allergy

286

268

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Aims: To analyze the changes in the prevalence of asthma, bronchial hyperresponsiveness (BHR) and allergies in elite athletes over the past years, to review the specific pathogenetic features of these conditions and to make recommendations for their diagnosis. Methods: The Task Force reviewed present literature by searching Medline up to November 2006 for relevant papers by the search words: asthma, bronchial responsiveness, EIB, athletes and sports. Sign criteria were used to assess level of evidence and grades of recommendation.Results: The problems of sports-related asthma and allergy are outlined. Epidemiological evidence for an increased prevalence of asthma and BHR among competitive athletes, especially in endurance sports, is provided. The mechanisms for development of asthma and bronchial hyperresponsiveness in athletes are outlined. Criteria are given for the diagnosis of asthma and exercise induced asthma in the athlete. Conclusions: The prevalence of asthma and bronchial hyperresponsiveness is markedly increased in athletes, especially within endurance sports. Environmental factors often contribute. Recommendations for the diagnosis of asthma in athletes are outlined.

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Section: Rhinoconjunctivitis and Allergy In Athletesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exercise‐induced asthma, respiratory and allergic disorders in elite athletes: epidemiology, mechanisms and diagnosis: Part I of the report from the Joint Task Force of the European Respiratory Society (ERS) and the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (EAACI) in cooperation with GA²LEN

Carlsen

Anderson

Bjermer³

et al. 2008

Allergy

286

268

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“…Zwick et al [11] found competitive swimmers to have BHR significantly more often than control subjects (78% versus 36%). In another study, BHR was detected in 60% of swimmers and in 12% of nonswimming athletes [12].…”

Section: Occurrence Of Bronchial Hyperresponsivenessmentioning

confidence: 98%

Epidemiology of asthma, allergy and bronchial hyperresponsiveness in sports

Haahtela¹,

Larsson²,

Bonini³

2005

Diagnosis, Prevention and Treatment of Exercise-Related Asthma, Respiratory and Allergic Disorders in Sports

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Asthma has a higher prevalence in athletes compared with the general population. In summer sport events, the prevalence ranges 3.7-22.8%, as reviewed by Helenius and Haahtela [1]. In winter sport events, the occurrence is even higher, ranging 2.8-54.8% (table 1) [2][3][4][5][6][7][8]. A total of 17% of 253 Finnish elite summer sport athletes used asthma medication, most commonly inhaled b 2 -agonists [1]. Also, 17% of the USA Winter Olympic Team (Nagano, Japan) were current users of asthma medication [5], while the figure was twice as high (36%) amongst Swedish cross-country skiers [2]. In a Swedish study in upper secondary schools for young skiers, 15% had phsysician-diagnosed asthma and 18% were treated with anti-asthma drugs compared with 6% and 7%, respectively, amongst the controls [9]. Occurrence of bronchial hyperresponsivenessBronchial hyperresponsiveness (BHR) is correlated with clinical asthma symptoms, but the relationship is not straight forward. Larsson et al. [2] observed that 23 out of 42 (54.8%) cross-country skiers had BHR and asthma symptoms. Two skiers had BHR without symptoms and 17 had symptoms, but no BHR. Leuppi et al. [7] found that 35% of Swiss ice hockey players had BHR, but clinical asthma was diagnosed in 19% and exercise-induced bronchospasm (EIB) in 11% of them. The respective figures for BHR, clinical asthma and EIB were lower in floor ball players: 21%, 4.2% and 4.2%.Sue-Chu et al.[3] reported that in cross-country skiers the figures for BHR and clinical asthma were closer to each other: 14% and 12% in Norway, and 43% and 42% in Sweden, respectively. Karjalainen et al.[10] studied 40 young elite skiers and 12 healthy control subjects. BHR to methacholine was found in 30 (75%) of the skiers, and one-third of them had symptoms suggestive of asthma.BHR is also prevalent in swimmers. Zwick et al.[11] found competitive swimmers to have BHR significantly more often than control subjects (78% versus 36%). In another study, BHR was detected in 60% of swimmers and in 12% of nonswimming athletes [12]. The prevalence of BHR was higher in swimmers (36%) than in speed and power athletes (18%) and in long-distance runners (9%) [13]. A "healthy runner effect" certainly takes place, especially in long-distance runners. BHR was significantly associated with atopy.Conclusions of the associations are problematic in cross-sectional studies because dynamic variables fluctuate over time depending on various factors. Heir et al. [14] observed that acute respiratory tract infections were associated with a transient increase

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“…These are concentrated on the surface of the water (9) and can also cause undesirable effects on the respiratory system, as has been shown in studies involving elite swimmers. (10) There is evidence that these swimmers present a higher prevalence of bronchial hyperresponsiveness when compared to athletes participating in other sports. (11) In addition, various reports suggest that chronic exposure to chlorine increases the incidence of laryngeal edema, nasopharyngeal irritation and transitory lacrimation.…”

Section: Questionnairementioning

confidence: 99%

“…(11) In addition, various reports suggest that chronic exposure to chlorine increases the incidence of laryngeal edema, nasopharyngeal irritation and transitory lacrimation. (10) Although a number of studies have evaluated the incidence of asthma symptoms in elite swimmers, (12) few have done so in amateur swimmers. (12) The present study aimed to investigate the incidence of asthma symptoms among amateur swimmers from 6 to 14 years of age and to describe the clinical treatment given to those with asthma.…”

Section: Questionnairementioning

confidence: 99%

Frequência de sintomas de asma e de redução da função pulmonar entre crianças e adolescentes nadadores amadores

Fiks

Santos

Antunes³

et al. 2009

J. bras. pneumol.

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Objective: To investigate the incidence of asthma symptoms in young amateur swimmers, and to describe the clinical treatment of the children with asthma in a private sports club in the city of São Paulo, Brazil. Methods: The study included 171 amateur swimmers, ranging from 6 to14 years of age. All of the participants or their legal guardians were asked to complete the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) questionnaire, and 119 were submitted to pulmonary function testing at rest. Results: The overall incidence of asthma symptoms (ISAAC score ≥ 6) among the swimmers was 16.8%. Of the 119 swimmers submitted to spirometry, 39 (32.7%) presented spirometric alterations (FEV 1 /FVC < 0.75). Among those with an ISAAC score ≥ 6, there were 10 (31.2%) who stated that they were receiving no asthma treatment. Of those who reported receiving pharmacological treatment, 24% made use of bronchodilators but not of corticosteroids. Conclusions: The incidence of asthma symptoms and pulmonary function alterations among amateur swimmers within the 6-14 age bracket was high. In addition, a relevant proportion of these athletes were receiving no treatment.Keywords: Asthma/therapy; Asthma/diagnosis; Child; Swimming; Exercise. ResumoObjetivo: Investigar a frequência de sintomas de asma entre crianças e adolescentes nadadores amadores e descrever o tratamento clínico entre as crianças asmáticas em um clube esportivo privado na cidade de São Paulo. Métodos: Foram incluídos no estudo 171 nadadores amadores de 6 a 14 anos de idade. Todos os participantes ou seus responsáveis foram solicitados a responder o questionário International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC), e 119 realizaram prova de função pulmonar em repouso. Resultados: A frequência geral de sintomas de asma (ISAAC ≥ 6 pontos) entre os nadadores foi de 16,8%. Entre os 119 nadadores que realizaram a espirometria, 39 (32,7%) apresentaram alterações espirométricas (VEF 1 /CVF < 0,75). Entre os sujeitos com escore ISAAC ≥ 6, 10 (31,2%) alegaram não realizar nenhum tipo de tratamento para a doença. Daqueles que afirmaram realizar tratamento medicamentoso, 24% faziam uso de broncodilatadores mas não de corticosteroides. Conclusões: A frequência de sintomas de asma e de alterações da função pulmonar em nadadores amadores de 6 a 14 anos foi elevada. Além disso, uma proporção considerável destes atletas não recebia tratamento.

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Increased sensitization to aeroallergens in competitive swimmers

Cited by 86 publications

References 7 publications

Epidemiology of asthma, allergy and bronchial hyperresponsiveness in sports

Frequência de sintomas de asma e de redução da função pulmonar entre crianças e adolescentes nadadores amadores

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