Increased Risk of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome and It’s Comorbidities in Women with Autoimmune Thyroid Disease

Ho, Chun-Wei; Chen, Hsin-Hung; Hsieh, Meng-Hsuan; Chen, Ching‐Chu; Hsu, Sandy Huey-Jen; Yip, Hei-Tung; Kao, Chia Hung

doi:10.3390/ijerph17072422

Cited by 33 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…These results provide significant evidence on the mechanism of DHEA-mediated immune function and effective protection against infectious and inflammatory reactions in animals and humans (27). Moreover, the analysis of the literature shows that the concentration of DHEAS in patients with PCOS positively correlates with better metabolic control and a lower level of inflammatory markers (8). Therefore, it is difficult to explain the reason for the higher concentration of DHEAS in the group of patients with PCOS and AT in our study.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 66%

“…There are also other risk factors observed in these women such as oxidative stress, blood clotting disorders, impaired endothelial function, increased arterial stiffness, increased inflammatory markers, or dysfunction of the heart muscle. In patients with PCOS and AT, Ho et al (8) proved an increased risk of diabetes, lipid metabolism disorders, and ischemic heart disease compared with the control group (AT without PCOS). However, an increased risk of strokes in the study group was not stated.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recent studies indicate that the diagnosis of AT itself, without any comorbid disorders of thyroid gland, increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases (7). In adult PCOS women with AT the increase cardiovascular disease risk was identified (8). However, there are no data about such relationship in adolescent girls.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Metabolic and Hormonal Profile of Adolescent Girls With Polycystic Ovary Syndrome With Concomitant Autoimmune Thyroiditis

2021

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IntroductionBoth polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and autoimmune thyroiditis (AT) are considered to be among the most common endocrinopathies in young women, and they are classified as diseases that affect many processes in the human body. Their role in the development of metabolic disorders and diseases of the cardiovascular system in adult women is also emphasized. However, there are no data available to assess such risk in the teenage girl population. The aim of the study was to assess the hormonal and metabolic profile of adolescent girls with PCOS, additionally diagnosed with AT, as well as to identify possible risk factors for the coexistence of AT and PCOS.Material and Methods80 euthyroidic PCOS patients were qualified for the study (chronological age 16.54 ± 1.00 years, BMI 24.60 ± 4.16 kg/m2). Eighteen girls diagnosed with AT were included in the study group and 62 girls without AT—in the control group. Each patient had biochemical and hormonal tests performed. Additionally, to diagnose AT, the level of antibodies against thyroid peroxidase (anti-TPO) and anti-thyroglobulin (anti-TG), as well as the image of the thyroid gland on ultrasound examination, were taken into account.ResultsEstradiol concentration was significantly higher in the study than in the control group (203.00 ± 217.00 vs. 152.00 ± 78.50 pmol/L, p=0.02). Higher DHEAS concentrations were also observed in the AT group compared with the group without AT (391.28 ± 176.40 vs. 317.93 ± 114.27 µg/dl, p=0.04). Moreover, there was a positive correlation between AT and estradiol concentration (ry=0.27; p=0.04). It was also shown that there is a tendency toward statistical significance for the positive correlation between the positive anti-TPO titer and the glucose concentration at 120 min OGTT (rƴ=0.26; p=0.07) and girls with PCOS and AT had higher glucose levels in 120 min OGTT (115.29±41.70 vs. 98.56±28.02 mg/dl, p=0.08).ConclusionThe study results showed no difference in the metabolic profile between the groups. The high concentration of estradiol found in girls with PCOS and AT may indicate the role of this hormone in the development of the autoimmune process. However, the numbers are small, and more research is needed to confirm our findings.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 66%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Metabolic and Hormonal Profile of Adolescent Girls With Polycystic Ovary Syndrome With Concomitant Autoimmune Thyroiditis

2021

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“…Several studies suggest a role of autoimmunity in the pathogenesis of PCOS and women with PCOS have a 5-fold higher risk of HT [ 3 , 18 – 20 ]. Another study reported a three-fold higher prevalence of HT in patients with PCOS [ 3 , 8 , 21 ]. Du and Li aimed to evaluate the relationship between PCOS and thyroid autoimmunity (TAI) by performing a meta-analysis of 6 studies involving 726 PCOS patients and 879 controls and they showed that HT and thyroid autoantibody levels were higher in PCOS [ 22 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis worsens ovaries in polycystic ovary syndrome patients compared to Anti-Müllerian hormone levels

et al. 2021

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Background The human ovary is the target of autoimmune attack in cases of autoimmune disorders, which can cause ovarian dysfunction. Due to the higher prevalence of Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis (HT) in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) patients, we aimed to evaluate ovarian reserve and the effect of autoimmune exposure time on ovarian reserve in PCOS patients with HT by Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) levels. Methods Forty-six PCOS patients and 46 PCOS with HT diagnosed patients who are between 18 and 35 years old were recruited for this study. Detailed medical histories were obtained from all participants. Polycystic ovary image was evaluated and antral follicles were counted by transvaginal ultrasound. Modified Ferriman Gallwey score, body mass index, waist/hip ratio of the patients were examined. Hormonal, biochemical profiles and AMH levels of the patients were evaluated during the early follicular phase. The data of both groups were statistically analyzed with SPSS 18.0. Results 20 (43.5%) patients in the PCOS group were fertile, 8 (17.4%) patients in the PCOS + HT group were fertile, fertility rate was significantly lower in PCOS + HT group. The mean AMH value was 8.8 ± 8.8 in the PCOS + HT group and 12.4 ± 8.1 in the PCOS group and it was significantly lower in the PCOS + HT group (p = 0.043). AMH values were significantly negatively correlated with anti-thyroid peroxidase antibody (anti-TPO) level and the duration of HT. There was a significant positive correlation between the anti-TPO level and the duration of HT. Conclusıon We pointed out that the coexistence of PCOS and HT, two prevalent diseases of reproductive age, further diminished ovarian reserve. More exposure of the ovaries to autoantibodies can cause ovarian destruction, similar to the thyroid gland like HT. Because of all these close relations with PCOS and thyroid dysfunctions, we recommend evaluating both thyroid autoantibodies and hormone levels in PCOS patients at the first visit. Patients with PCOS + HT should be monitored more closely to determine the fertility treatment options and control premature ovarian failure (POF) table.

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“…For instance, women with menstrual disorders and sub-fertility are more susceptible to hypothyroidism [ 168 ], and more cases of chronic pelvic pain have been established in endometriosis patients with thyroid dysfunction than in patients without thyroid dysfunction [ 162 ]. In addition, PCOS patients have a higher risk of autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) compared with normal women [ 169 , 170 , 171 ]. Furthermore, hypothyroidism seems to be associated with poor prognosis in patients with endometrial cancer [ 172 ].…”

Section: Clinical Consequences Of the Crosstalk Between Ths And Repro...mentioning

confidence: 99%

A New Perspective on Thyroid Hormones: Crosstalk with Reproductive Hormones in Females

Ren

Zhu

2022

IJMS

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Accumulating evidence has shown that thyroid hormones (THs) are vital for female reproductive system homeostasis. THs regulate the reproductive functions through thyroid hormone receptors (THRs)-mediated genomic- and integrin-receptor-associated nongenomic mechanisms, depending on TH ligand status and DNA level, as well as transcription and extra-nuclear signaling transduction activities. These processes involve the binding of THs to intracellular THRs and steroid hormone receptors or membrane receptors and the recruitment of hormone-response elements. In addition, THs and other reproductive hormones can activate common signaling pathways due to their structural similarity and shared DNA consensus sequences among thyroid, peptide, and protein hormones and their receptors, thus constituting a complex and reciprocal interaction network. Moreover, THs not only indirectly affect the synthesis, secretion, and action of reproductive hormones, but are also regulated by these hormones at the same time. This crosstalk may be one of the pivotal factors regulating female reproductive behavior and hormone-related diseases, including tumors. Elucidating the interaction mechanism among the aforementioned hormones will contribute to apprehending the etiology of female reproductive diseases, shedding new light on the treatment of gynecological disorders.

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Increased Risk of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome and It’s Comorbidities in Women with Autoimmune Thyroid Disease

Cited by 33 publications

References 23 publications

Metabolic and Hormonal Profile of Adolescent Girls With Polycystic Ovary Syndrome With Concomitant Autoimmune Thyroiditis

Metabolic and Hormonal Profile of Adolescent Girls With Polycystic Ovary Syndrome With Concomitant Autoimmune Thyroiditis

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis worsens ovaries in polycystic ovary syndrome patients compared to Anti-Müllerian hormone levels

A New Perspective on Thyroid Hormones: Crosstalk with Reproductive Hormones in Females

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