Increased risk of depression in patients with discoid lupus erythematosus: a nested, case–control study in the All of Us Research Program

Abstract

In this nested, case-control study, we found a 2.00-fold increased risk of major depressive disorder among patients with discoid lupus erythematosus compared to controls without discoid lupus, using the All of Us database, a National Institutes of Health (USA) research program that prioritizes recruitment from demographic groups underrepresented in biomedical research. This is the first large-scale study of this association in a heterogeneous population and highlights the importance vigilance regarding the increased risk of depression in patients with discoid lupus erythematosus.