Increased Reflux of Bile Into the Stomach in Patients with Gastric Ulcer

Characterization of the Human Upper Gastrointestinal Contents Under Conditions Simulating Bioavailability/Bioequivalence Studies

“…These values are similar to previously reported results (40,41). Some investigators have attributed the low surface tension of gastric contents (pure water has a surface tension of 72 mN m j1 ) to a reflux of duodenal contents (42,43). However, others have shown that this cannot be the reason in all subjects, as in many of them the bile salt levels in gastric aspirates are below the limits of detection (41,44Y46).…”

“…However, bile salts at concentrations up to 1 mM (refluxed from the duodenum) have been quantified by other research groups in the fasted stomach (14,41,43,47). It is worth mentioning that in some of the earlier studies, samples were aspirated from the resting gastric contents rather than during gastric emptying of water from the stomach.…”

Gastric juice as a dissolution medium: Surface tension and pH

“…Reflux of duodenal contents would result in the presence of conjugated bile salts and lysolecithin, both highly surface active in gastric fluid (4). This possibility was strengthened by the report of Rhodes et al (12) on the concentration of bile acids in the human stomach upon fasting and after a test meal. Gastric fluids from normal fasting subjects contained a mean bile acid concentration of 0.08 mM.…”

“…The supernatant was then removed and assayed. Several methods are available for the determination of bile salts in human biological fluids (10)(11)(12). Of these, the Fausa and Skalkegg method (11) was deemed most appropriate for the determination of bile salts in gastric fluids.…”

Histological and Histochemical Findings of the Gastric Mucosa in Duodenal Regurgitation

“…Procedures have been devised that measure the continence of the pylorus, some by instilling a radioopaque solution in the duodenum directly (4) or solutions with markers, like phenol red (10); others, by measurement of duodenal contents in gastric juice (2,15) or through prolonged observations of the pylorus during endoscopy (1). The radiological test employed in our experiences has been tested by several authors (4,11,13).…”