Increased produce enrichment reduces trauma in socially‐housed captive rhesus macaques (<i>Macaca mulatta</i>)

Wooddell, Lauren J.; Beisner, Brianne A.; Hannibal, Darcy L.; Nathman, Amy; McCowan, Brenda

doi:10.1002/ajp.23073

Cited by 7 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 49 publications

(63 reference statements)

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“…For example, all animals in a colony might be monitored before an intervention (baseline condition) and once again after the intervention, such as the provision of new enrichment (test condition). Their behavior in the test condition is compared to their prior behavior in the baseline period (e.g., Wooddell et al, 2019). In some cases, their behavior is monitored again in a third phase in which the intervention is removed to assess the impact of removing the treatment, that is, an A-B-A design (e.g., G. H. Lee et al, 2012).…”

Section: Assessment Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nonhuman primate abnormal behavior: Etiology, assessment, and treatment

Lutz

Coleman

Hopper

et al. 2022

American J Primatol

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Across captive settings, nonhuman primates may develop an array of abnormal behaviors including stereotypic and self-injurious behavior. Abnormal behavior can indicate a state of poor welfare, since it is often associated with a suboptimal environment. However, this may not always be the case as some behaviors can develop independently of any psychological distress, be triggered in environments known to promote welfare, and be part of an animal's coping mechanism. Furthermore, not all animals develop abnormal behavior, which has led researchers to assess risk factors that differentiate individuals in the display of these behaviors. Intrinsic risk factors that have been identified include the animal's species and genetics, age, sex, temperament, and clinical condition, while environmental risk factors include variables such as the animal's rearing, housing condition, husbandry procedures, and research experiences. To identify specific triggers and at-risk animals, the expression of abnormal behavior in captive nonhuman primates should be routinely addressed in a consistent manner by appropriately trained staff. Which behaviors to assess, what assessment methods to use, which primates to monitor, and the aims of data collection should all be identified before proceeding to an intervention and/or treatment. This article provides guidance for this process, by presenting an overview of known triggers and risk factors that should be considered, steps to design a comprehensive evaluation plan, and strategies that might be used for prevention or treatment. It also outlines the tools and processes for assessing and evaluating behavior in an appendix. This process will lead to a better understanding of abnormal behavior in captive primate colonies and ultimately to improved welfare.

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Section: Assessment Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nonhuman primate abnormal behavior: Etiology, assessment, and treatment

Lutz

Coleman

Hopper

et al. 2022

American J Primatol

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“…new food items or puzzle feeders) and manipulative enrichment (toys and novel objects) (Cannon et al 2016). These kinds of enrichment can be useful when it is not possible to keep animals in groups or to lower the rate of abnormal behaviour and in cases of aggression (Cannon et al 2016;Wooddell et al 2019). The evaluation of stressful situations should consider not only behavioural parameters, but also physiological indices (Rushen et al 2011), such as cortisol concentration.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of an enrichment programme for a colony of long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis) in a rescue centre

Albanese¹,

Kuan²,

Accorsi

et al. 2021

Primates

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Long-tailed macaques are highly social primates that are commonly used in biomedical research as animal models. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of different kinds of enrichment on the behaviour and faecal cortisol metabolite (FCM) level in a colony of ex-laboratory long-tailed macaques during a programme of rehabilitation. The research was carried out in three periods, divided into two sessions each. Every period was composed of one control session (SC) and one session characterised by one type of enrichment: feeding enrichment (FE), manipulative enrichment (ME), and the last session during which manipulative and feeding enrichment were provided every day but in a mixed way (MIX). The results showed that manipulative and mixed enrichments caused positive changes to the activity budget of the colony, with a decrease in abnormal behaviour rates and an increase in play compared with control sessions. The rate of affiliative behaviours and low rate of aggression were probably because the group was composed mostly of females and it was stable, with a well-defined hierarchy. The research underlines the importance of a well-studied enrichment programme for the welfare of captive animals, which should exploit species-specific motivations.

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“…In contrast, the rhesus macaque ( Macaca mulatta ) represents the most commonly used NHP species in research and numerous published studies exist on their optimal enrichment in captivity (e.g. Coleman & Novak 2017 ; Novak et al 1998 ; Reinhardt 1999 ; Weed et al 2003 ; Wooddell et al 2019 ). As a result, enrichment methods developed for macaques are often adopted for vervet monkeys.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A report on the housing vervet monkeys adjacent to domestic cats as a means of environmental enrichment

Chipangura

Ganswindt²,

Naidoo³

2020

Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research

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In current research guidelines, much focus is placed on ethical management of animals and the application of principles of reduction, refinement and replacement. Of these refinements through environmental enrichment is an important aspect when housing primate to prevent behavioural problems. In this study, we investigated the co-housing of domestic cats and vervet monkeys as a novel method of enrichment based on the cohabitation and stress alleviation effect of horses housed with goats and from seeing cats cohabitating with vervet monkeys in an animal sanctuary. The study used a habituation method whereby the cats were stepwise introduced to the monkeys by sight and smell but with physical separation. Assessment included changes in behaviour, weight and faecal glucocorticoid metabolite (fGCM) concentrations over time. On the first day of housing, the vervets whilst inquisitive kept their distance. The vervets housed in cages that were closest to the cats were the most active and during the first minute of introduction made more alarm calls, which stopped a few days later. The fGCMs were non-significantly different. The results of this study provide evidence that vervet monkeys and domestic cats could potentially be housed together without overt aggression. We thus suggest further observations to ascertain if the co-housing could have long-term benefits for vervet monkeys, from the companionship that would be offered by the cats.

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Increased produce enrichment reduces trauma in socially‐housed captive rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta)

Cited by 7 publications

References 49 publications

Nonhuman primate abnormal behavior: Etiology, assessment, and treatment

Nonhuman primate abnormal behavior: Etiology, assessment, and treatment

Evaluation of an enrichment programme for a colony of long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis) in a rescue centre

A report on the housing vervet monkeys adjacent to domestic cats as a means of environmental enrichment

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