Increased ongoing neural variability in ADHD

Gonen-Yaacovi, Gil; Arazi, Ayelet; Shahar, Nitzan; Karmon, Anat; Haar, Shlomi; Meiran, Nachshon; Dinstein, Ilan

doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2016.04.010

Cited by 51 publications

(58 citation statements)

References 64 publications

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“…Given the current findings of increased stimulus‐evoked neural variability reflecting various cognitive processes, this study suggests that increased intra‐subject variability in children with ASD is determined by a more continuous or global property of the central nervous system that is not confined to one particular cognitive deficit [Gonen‐Yaacovi et al, ]. This global property could ultimately lend to perceptual difficulties and hypersensitivities/hyposensitivities in ASD [Dakin & Frith, ; American Psychiatric Association, ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 76%

Increased Intra‐Subject Variability of Reaction Times and Single‐Trial Event‐Related Potential Components in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder

et al. 2019

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Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is an increasingly common neurodevelopmental disorder that affects 1 in 59 children. The cognitive profiles of individuals with ASD are varied, and the neurophysiological underpinnings of these developmental difficulties are unclear. While many studies have focused on overall group differences in the amplitude or latency of event related potential (ERP) responses, recent research suggests that increased intra‐subject neural variability may also be a reliable indicator of atypical brain function in ASD. This study aimed to identify behavioral and neural variability responses during an emotional inhibitory control task in children with ASD compared to typically developing (TD) children. Children with ASD showed increased variability in response to both inhibitory and emotional stimuli, evidenced by greater reaction time variability and single‐trial ERP variability of N200 and N170 amplitudes and/or latencies compared to TD children. These results suggest that the physiological basis of ASD may be more accurately explained by increased intra‐subject variability, in addition to characteristic increases or decreases in the amplitude or latency of neural responses. Autism Res 2020, 13:221–229. © 2019 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Lay Summary The cognitive functions including memory, attention, executive functions, and perception, of individuals with ASD are varied, and the physiological underpinnings of these profiles are unclear. In this study, children with ASD showed increased intra‐subject neural and behavioral variability in response to an emotional inhibitory control task compared to typically developing children. These results suggest that the physiological basis of ASD may also be explained by increased behavioral and neural variability in people with ASD, rather than simply characteristic increases or decreases in averaged brain responses.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 76%

Increased Intra‐Subject Variability of Reaction Times and Single‐Trial Event‐Related Potential Components in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder

et al. 2019

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“…However, tasks exist in which the influences of sensory and decision noise can be separated [86,87]. Additionally, neural data with high temporal resolution such as EEG or MEG could separate perceptual from decision-related variability as early vs late activity relative to stimulus onset [20,88]. Decision noise in perceptual decision-making might be related to decision noise on action selection in reinforcement learning models of high-level cognitive tasks.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…While ideas of lowered signal-to-noise ratio implemented through impaired dopamine and noradrenaline signaling in ADHD have been put forward before, they have been mainly confined to cerebellar, striatal and prefrontal regions [90][91][92]. Beyond that, one study found higher neural noise in the visual and auditory cortex of ADHD participants [20]. ADHD participants could have higher perceptual variability in orientation by having less selective orientation tuning of cells in V1; this was the mechanism proposed to underlie decreased orientation discrimination with aging in monkeys [93].…”

Section: Possible Lower-level Neural Correlates Of Behavioral Variabimentioning

confidence: 99%

“…While some researchers believe executive function impairments to be primary in ADHD, others acknowledge that they are neither necessary nor sufficient to cause the disorder [6,7]. More specifically, yet others suggest that ADHD impairments are a combination of deficits in high-level and "low-level processes" [17][18][19][20][21][22]. These low-level processes entail arousal [23], relatedly, accumulation of evidence [24], timing [25], or reward sensitivity (see [26,27] for reviews).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A low-level perceptual correlate of behavioral and clinical deficits in ADHD

Mihali

Young

Adler

et al. 2017

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In many studies of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), stimulus encoding and processing (perceptual function) and response selection (executive function) have been intertwined. To dissociate these functions, we introduced a task that parametrically varied low-level stimulus features (orientation and color) for fine-grained analysis of perceptual function, and that also required participants to switch their attention between feature dimensions on a trial-by-trial basis, thus taxing executive processes. Our response paradigm captured task-irrelevant motor output (TIMO), reflecting failures to use the correct stimulus-response rule. ADHD patients had substantially worse perceptual function than Controls, especially for orientation. ADHD participants had also higher TIMO; this measure was strongly affected by the switch manipulation. Across participants, the perceptual variability parameter was correlated with TIMO, suggesting that perceptual deficits could underlie executive function deficits. Based on perceptual variability alone, we were able to classify participants into ADHD and Controls with a mean accuracy of about 77%. Participants' self-reported General Executive Composite score correlated not only with TIMO but also with the perceptual variability parameter. Our results highlight the role of perceptual deficits in ADHD and the usefulness of computational modeling of behavior in dissociating perceptual from executive processes.In Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), self-reported behavioral deficits have been attributed to differences in executive function, attention, and perceptual function. These brain functions can be objectively quantified with behavioral paradigms, but the individual components are often not well separated. ADHD patients tend to have worse executive function than Controls according to several metrics [1][2][3][4], predominantly in response execution and inhibition [5][6][7], but also in switching between stimulus-response rules [8][9][10][11]. It has been pointed out that non-executive processes, such as alertness, accumulation of evidence or drift rate, motivation, or reward processing, might interact with executive ones [12][13][14][15][16]. In the realm of visual attention, differences in accuracy or reaction time have been found in some visual search tasks but not in others [17,18], and no consistent deficits have been found in visuo-spatial orienting [19][20][21][22]. Despite evidence of impaired perceptual function in ADHD from psychiatric assessments [23,24], behavioral studies that examined the quality of perceptual encoding in ADHD in the absence of executive or attentional involvement found small and inconsistent differences (see [25] for a review). There have been attempts to dissociate executive from perceptual function in ADHD within a single task, but the results have been mixed [26][27][28][29]. One complicating factor could be that commonly used stimuli such as faces, letters, or numbers are high-dimensional and have content at many levels. Anot...

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“…In order to study how ASD compares to ADHD, it is not only necessary to investigate these clinical groups in the same study, but also to identify a potential marker for each and study them in direct comparison. Among the strongest findings for ADHD across tasks is increased Intra-Subject Variability (ISV), that is an increase in the moment-to-moment, within-subject, fluctuation of task performance or (neuro-)physiological activity [15,25,30,38]. So far, the behavioural findings have been replicated across a plethora of ADHD studies [22,26] making ISV a candidate endophenotype of ADHD [16,35].…”

Section: Autism Spectrum Disorder and Intra-subject Variabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Studying global processing in autism and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder with gaze movements: The example of a copying task

Seernani

Ioannou

Damania

et al. 2019

Preprint

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Recent discussions in the literature, along with the revision of the Diagnostic and StatisticalManual (DSM) [2], suggest aetiological commonalities between the highly comorbid Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD).Addressing this discussion requires studying these disorders together by comparing constructs typical to each of them. In the present study, we investigate global processing, known to be difficult for participants with ASD, and Intra-Subject Variability (ISV), known to be consistently increased in participants with ADHD, in groups, aged 10-13 years, with ADHD (n=25), ASD without comorbid ADHD (ASD-) (n=13) and ASD with ADHD (ASD+) (n=18) in comparison with a typically developing group (n=22). A Copying task, typically requiring global processing and in this case particularly designed using equally complex stimuli to also measure ISV across trials, was selected. Oculomotor measures in this task proved to be particularly sensitive to group differences. While increased ISV was not observed in the present task in participants with ADHD, both ASD groups needed to look longer on the figure to be drawn, indicating that global processing takes longer in ASD. However, the ASD+ group needed to fixate on the figure only between drawing movements, whereas the ASDgroup needed to do this throughout the drawing process. The present study provides evidence towards ASD and ADHD being separate, not-overlapping, disorders. Since the pure ASDgroup was affected more by central coherence problems than the ASD+ group, it may suggest that neuropsychological constructs interact differently in different clinical groups and subgroups.

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Increased ongoing neural variability in ADHD

Cited by 51 publications

References 64 publications

Increased Intra‐Subject Variability of Reaction Times and Single‐Trial Event‐Related Potential Components in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder

Increased Intra‐Subject Variability of Reaction Times and Single‐Trial Event‐Related Potential Components in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder

A low-level perceptual correlate of behavioral and clinical deficits in ADHD

Studying global processing in autism and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder with gaze movements: The example of a copying task

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