Increased Norepinephrine by Medium-Chain Triglyceride Attributable to Lipolysis in White and Brown Adipose Tissue of C57BL/6J Mice

Liu, Yinghua; Zhang, Yong; Xu, Qing; Yu, Xiaoming; Zhang, Xinsheng; Wang, Jin; Xue, Chao; Yang, Xia; Zhang, Rongxin; Xue, Changhu

doi:10.1271/bbb.120079

Cited by 18 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…MCTs in our study slowed the increase in body weight and altered serum lipid profiles (lower levels of TC and LDL-C in the CR-MCT group) in hypercholesterolemic C57BL/6 J mice. The results of serum lipid profiles (lower levels of TC and LDL-C) were consistent with other previous studies [ 4 , 5 , 7 , 17 ] which were in different experiment conditions, such as diet formula (MCT or MCFAs with cholesterol-rich diet or high-fat diet) and animal models (obesity mice or hypercholesterolemic mice). Increased serum.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Medium-chain fatty acids decrease serum cholesterol via reduction of intestinal bile acid reabsorption in C57BL/6J mice

Liu

Zhang

et al. 2018

Nutr Metab (Lond)

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BackgroundBile acids play a pivotal role in cholesterol metabolism via the enterohepatic circulation. This study investigated the effects of medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs)/medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs) on the reduction of bile acid absorption in the small intestine and the mechanisms of action in vivo and partially verified in vitro.MethodsThirty-six C57BL/6 J mice with hypercholesterolaemia were randomly divided into 3 groups: fed a cholesterol-rich diet (CR group), fed a cholesterol-rich and medium-chain triglyceride diet (CR-MCT group) and fed a cholesterol-rich and long-chain triglyceride diet (CR-LCT group). Body weights and blood lipid profiles were measured in all groups after 16 weeks of treatment. The concentrations of bile acids in bile and faeces were analysed using HPLC-MS (high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry). Gene transcription and the expression levels associated with bile acid absorption in the small intestines were determined using real-time PCR and Western blot. Ileal bile acid binding protein (I-BABP) was analysed using immunofluorescence. The effects of MCFAs on the permeability of bile acid (cholic acid, CA) in Caco-2 cell monolayers and I-BABP expression levels in Caco-2 cells treated with caprylic acid (C8:0), capric acid (C10:0), stearic acid (C18:0) and oleic acid (C18:1) were determined.ResultsMice in the CR-MCT group exhibited lower body weights and serum total cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels and a higher HDL-C/LDL-C ratio than the CR-LCT group (P < 0.05). The concentrations of primary bile acids (primarily CA) and secondary bile acids in faeces and secondary bile acids in bile in the CR-MCT group were significantly higher than in the CR-LCT group (P < 0.05). C8:0 and C10:0 decreased the permeability of CA in Caco-2 cell monolayers. MCT/MCFAs (C8:0 and C10:0) inhibited I-BABP gene expression in the small intestines and Caco-2 cells (P < 0.05).ConclusionsMCT slowed the body weight increase and promoted the excretion of bile acids. MCT lowered serum cholesterol levels at least partially via reduction of bile acid absorption in the small intestine by inhibition of I-BABP expression. Our results provide the basis for clinical trials of MCT as a dietary supplement for lowering plasma cholesterol and reducing risk of CHD.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Medium-chain fatty acids decrease serum cholesterol via reduction of intestinal bile acid reabsorption in C57BL/6J mice

Liu

Zhang

et al. 2018

Nutr Metab (Lond)

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“…A few results have shown reductions in TC and LDL-c by MCT or MCFAs. [15][16][17][18] Our previous studies also showed similar results in humans [19][20][21] and mice 22,23) due to intake of MCT. To the best of our knowledge, few studies to date have examined the effect of intake of C8:0 or C10:0 on cholesterol metabolism in humans or animals.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 74%

“…[15][16][17][18] Our previous studies suggested that dietary oil containing MCFAs can reduce serum TC and LDL-c and increase HDL-c in hypertriglyceridemic subjects as compared to oil containing long-chain fatty acids (LCFAs). [19][20][21] Further studies have confirmed the reduction of blood TC and LDL-c by MCFAs in C57BL/6J mice, 22,23) but the exact mechanism responsible for the reduction of cholesterol by MCFAs has been not investigated intensively. Here, based on our previous reports, we hypothesize that MCFAs reduced blood cholesterol by promoting the excretion of fecal neutral steroids and/or bile acids in C57BL/6J mice fed a cholesterol-rich diet.…”

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confidence: 99%

Medium-Chain Fatty Acids Enhanced the Excretion of Fecal Cholesterol and Cholic Acid in C57BL/6J Mice Fed a Cholesterol-Rich Diet

Xue

Zhang

et al. 2013

Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry

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The objective of the present study was to investigate the cholesterol-reducing effect of medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs) completed by elevated excretion of fecal neutral steroids and/or bile acids. Blood and liver lipid profiles, fecal neutral steroids, bile acids, and mRNA and protein expression of the genes relevant to cholesterol homeostasis were measured and analyzed in C57BL/6J mice fed a cholesterol-rich diet with 2% caprylic acid or capric acid for 12 weeks. Blood total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) levels were reduced significantly as compared to diet with palmitic acid or stearic acid. Caprylic acid promoted the excretion of fecal neutral steroids, especially cholesterol. The excretion of fecal bile acids, mainly in the form of cholic acid was enhanced and accompanied by elevated expression of mRNA and the protein of hepatic cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase (CYP7A1). These results indicate that MCFAs can reduce blood cholesterol by promoting the excretion of fecal cholesterol and cholic acid.

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“…I. increase in noradrenaline secretion after ingestion of MCTs suggests a temporary promotion of lipid oxidation in adipose and muscle tissues through activation of the sympathetic nervous system and long-term activation of intracellular mitochondrial metabolism ( 177 – 180 ).…”

Section: Various Clinical Application Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Applications of Medium-Chain Triglycerides in Foods

Watanabe

Tsujino

2022

Front. Nutr.

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In the 1950s, the production of processed fats and oils from coconut oil was popular in the United States. It became necessary to find uses for the medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs) that were byproducts of the process, and a production method for medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs) was established. At the time of this development, its use as a non-fattening fat was being studied. In the early days MCFAs included fatty acids ranging from hexanoic acid (C6:0) to dodecanoic acid (C12:0), but today their compositions vary among manufacturers and there seems to be no clear definition. MCFAs are more polar than long-chain fatty acids (LCFAs) because of their shorter chain length, and their hydrolysis and absorption properties differ greatly. These differences in physical properties have led, since the 1960s, to the use of MCTs to improve various lipid absorption disorders and malnutrition. More than half a century has passed since MCTs were first used in the medical field. It has been reported that they not only have properties as an energy source, but also have various physiological effects, such as effects on fat and protein metabolism. The enhancement of fat oxidation through ingestion of MCTs has led to interest in the study of body fat reduction and improvement of endurance during exercise. Recently, MCTs have also been shown to promote protein anabolism and inhibit catabolism, and applied research has been conducted into the prevention of frailty in the elderly. In addition, a relatively large ingestion of MCTs can be partially converted into ketone bodies, which can be used as a component of “ketone diets” in the dietary treatment of patients with intractable epilepsy, or in the nutritional support of terminally ill cancer patients. The possibility of improving cognitive function in dementia patients and mild cognitive impairment is also being studied. Obesity due to over-nutrition and lack of exercise, and frailty due to under-nutrition and aging, are major health issues in today's society. MCTs have been studied in relation to these concerns. In this paper we will introduce the results of applied research into the use of MCTs by healthy subjects.

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Increased Norepinephrine by Medium-Chain Triglyceride Attributable to Lipolysis in White and Brown Adipose Tissue of C57BL/6J Mice

Cited by 18 publications

References 34 publications

Medium-chain fatty acids decrease serum cholesterol via reduction of intestinal bile acid reabsorption in C57BL/6J mice

Medium-chain fatty acids decrease serum cholesterol via reduction of intestinal bile acid reabsorption in C57BL/6J mice

Medium-Chain Fatty Acids Enhanced the Excretion of Fecal Cholesterol and Cholic Acid in C57BL/6J Mice Fed a Cholesterol-Rich Diet

Applications of Medium-Chain Triglycerides in Foods

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