Increased mortality is predicted of Inachis io larvae caused by Bt-maize pollen in European farmland

Holst, Niels; Lang, Andréas; Löveï, Gábor L.; Otto, Mathias

doi:10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2012.11.006

Cited by 33 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…It has to be kept in mind, however, that the presented results are approximations and can give but course indications, because any realised overlap in the field would vary for each specific case, as the larval periods and number of generations as well as time and duration of maize anthesis can change with the specific region, weather conditions, maize cultivar and maize sowing date (e.g., Abrecht and Carberry, 1993;Lang et al, 2004;Nguyen and Jehle, 2007;Traore et al, 2000). Such regional differences can lead to a differing exposure and impact of Bt maize cultivation, even for populations of the same butterfly species (Holst et al, 2013;Masetti et al, 2013).…”

Section: Temporal Overlap Of Butterflies With Maize Anthesismentioning

confidence: 96%

Potential exposure of butterflies in protected habitats by Bt maize cultivation: A case study in Switzerland

Lang

Oehen

Ross³

et al. 2015

Biological Conservation

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Section: Temporal Overlap Of Butterflies With Maize Anthesismentioning

confidence: 96%

Potential exposure of butterflies in protected habitats by Bt maize cultivation: A case study in Switzerland

Lang

Oehen

Ross³

et al. 2015

Biological Conservation

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“…Also, dose–effect relationships for lepidopteran larvae with different sensitivities to the respective Bt toxin from laboratory studies have been reported [118, 151–154]. It is important to notice that these relationships are based on mortalities observed under laboratory conditions.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Limits of Concern: suggestions for the operationalisation of a concept to determine the relevance of adverse effects in the ERA of GMOs

et al. 2018

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BackgroundThe European Food Safety Authority proposed a concept for the environmental risk assessment of genetically modified plants in the EU that is based on the definition of thresholds for the acceptability of potential adverse effects on the environment. This concept, called Limits of Concern (LoC), needs to be further refined to be implemented in the environmental risk assessment of genetically modified organisms.MethodsWe analyse and discuss how LoC can be defined for the environmental risk assessment for three different types of genetically modified plants. We outline protection goals relevant to the genetically modified plants in question and discuss existing concepts and suggestions for acceptability thresholds from the environmental risk assessment of different regulatory areas. We make specific recommendations for the setting and use of LoC for each type of genetically modified plant.ResultsThe LoC concept can be suitably applied for the environmental risk assessment of genetically modified organisms, if the different protection goals in agro-environments are specifically considered. Not only biodiversity protection goals but also agricultural protection goals need to be addressed. The different ecosystem services provided by weeds inside and outside agricultural fields have to be considered for genetically modified herbicide-tolerant crops. Exposure-based LoCs are suggested based on knowledge about dose–effect relationships between maize pollen and non-target Lepidoptera for insect-resistant maize. Due to the long-term nature of biological processes such as spread and establishment, LoCs for genetically modified oilseed rape should be defined for the presence of the genetically modified plant or its genetically modified traits in relevant protection goals.ConclusionsWhen setting LoCs, the focus should be on protection goals which are possibly affected. Potential overlaps of the LoC concept with the ecosystem service concept have to be clarified to harmonise protection levels in the agro-environment for different stressors. If additional impacts on agro-biodiversity resulting from the cultivation of genetically modified plants are to be avoided, then high protection levels and low thresholds for acceptable effects (i.e. LoC) should be set.

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“…First, knowledge on the sensitivity of different lepidopteran species to Bt toxins is still limited [64, 65] and evaluations of potential effects of Bt toxins on different species are derived from modelling using data from a few surrogate species [66]. Second, knowledge on the actual exposure of lepidopteran species to Bt toxins under field conditions and methods for modelling exposure for ERA purposes are a constant matter of debate in the scientific literature [65, 67–69]. With respect to the third aspect of ecological vulnerability, parameters to assess recovery of butterflies from adverse effects due to Bt toxin ingestion have so far not been included in laboratory or field evaluations [63].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Are Limits of Concern a useful concept to improve the environmental risk assessment of GM plants?

et al. 2017

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BackgroundThe European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) has introduced a concept for the environmental risk assessment of genetically modified (GM) plants which foresees the definition of ecological threshold values defining acceptable adverse effects of the GM plant on the environment (Limits of Concern, LoC).MethodsWe analysed the LoC concept by scrutinising its feasibility with regard to important aspects of the environmental risk assessment. We then considered its relationship with protection goals, the comparative safety assessment and the stepwise testing approach. We finally discussed its usefulness for assessing long-term effects, effects on non-target organisms and species of conservation concern.ResultsThe LoC concept is a possible approach to introduce ecological thresholds into environmental risk assessment in order to evaluate environmental harm. However, the concept leaves many important aspects open. Thresholds for environmental harm for protection goals need spatial and temporal differentiation from LoCs used for ERA indicators. Regionalisation of LoCs must be provided for as biodiversity levels and protection goals vary across the EU. Further guidance is needed with respect to the consequences, in case LoCs are exceeded and a link needs to be established between environmentally relevant results from the comparative safety assessment and the LoC concept. LoCs for long-term effects have to be evaluated by long-term monitoring. LoCs for non-target organisms need to be discriminated according to the species and parameters assessed.ConclusionsThe overall LoC concept is considered useful if LoCs are further specified and differentiated. Although LoCs will finally be determined by political decisions, they should be based on scientific grounds in order to increase confidence in the conclusions on the safety of GM plants.

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Increased mortality is predicted of Inachis io larvae caused by Bt-maize pollen in European farmland

Cited by 33 publications

References 44 publications

Potential exposure of butterflies in protected habitats by Bt maize cultivation: A case study in Switzerland

Potential exposure of butterflies in protected habitats by Bt maize cultivation: A case study in Switzerland

Limits of Concern: suggestions for the operationalisation of a concept to determine the relevance of adverse effects in the ERA of GMOs

Are Limits of Concern a useful concept to improve the environmental risk assessment of GM plants?

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