Increased Methamphetamine, Injection Drug, and Heroin Use Among Women and Heterosexual Men with Primary and Secondary Syphilis — United States, 2013–2017

Kidd, Sarah; Grey, Jeremy A.; Torrone, Elizabeth; Weinstock, Hillard

doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6806a4

Cited by 119 publications

(95 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…According to previous literature [4,5,12,30,31], demographic characteristics (age, gender, race/ethnicity), socio-economic status (poverty index, health insurance, healthcare access, education), sexual activity (number of sexual partners in the past year, sexual identity), and drug use behaviors (number of drug use, IDU, number of times used methamphetamine in lifetime use, age started using methamphetamine) were known factors associated with infection of BBV. Therefore, these variables were included as potential confounders in the analyses.…”

Section: Data Sourcesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Provisional data from CDC indicates that deaths involving psychostimulants continued to increase in 2018, despite a drop in overall overdose deaths observed at the same time [3]. People who use methamphetamine also have elevated risk of nonfatal harms, including mental health disorders [4], violent and aggressive behavior [4], risky sexual behavior [4], sexually transmitted infection [5], harm to the fetus, and infection of blood-borne viruses (BBVs) [4,6]. The pathogens of primary concern for bloodborne infectious diseases are the human immunode ciency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), and hepatitis C virus (HCV) [7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Risk Factors Associated With Infection of Blood-Borne Virus among People Who Used Methamphetamine

Cai

Dai

Wen

et al. 2020

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Background: The surge of methamphetamine use has been a complicating factor compounding the steeply increasing number of drug overdose deaths in the U.S. Infection from blood-borne viruses (BBVs) including hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV) and HIV, related to methamphetamine use continue to grow. This study aimed to examine the risk factors associated with HBV, HCV and HIV among people who used methamphetamine.Methods: People who ever used methamphetamine were identified from five National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) cohorts, 2007 to 2016. The outcome was either tested positive or negative for blood-borne viruses as identified from laboratory tests. Weighted statistics for the combined ten years of data were calculated by multiplying the sample weight WTMEC2YR by 0.2. We examined the association of sexual activities (sexual partners, sexual identity), drug use behaviors (poly-drug use, injection drug use, frequency of drug use, age started using methamphetamine), demographics, and socio-economic status with BBV using bivariate and multivariable logistic regression models. Results: There were 943 participants representing approximately 10,149,002 persons who ever used methamphetamine in the U.S. Blood-borne viruses’ positive rate was 13.3 per 100,000. Multivariable logistic regression analyses showed significant associations of blood-borne infections with age 50-59 years (vs. age 20-29 years, adjusted odds ratio 6.61, 95% CI 1.37 - 31.90), living within poverty index 1-1.9 (vs. poverty index >=2, 2.89; 1.33 – 6.31), living below the poverty threshold (vs. poverty index >=2, 2.64; 1.21 – 5.77), having lower than high school education (vs. equal or higher than high school education, 3.38; 1.65 – 6.91), sexual identity as other than heterosexual (vs. heterosexual, 7.81; 2.54 – 24.03), using methamphetamine and heroin and cocaine (vs. using methamphetamine alone, 4.98; 1.20 – 20.68), injection drug use (vs. no injection drug use, 3.57; 1.81 – 7.03), and started using methamphetamine at age above 25 (vs. started using methamphetamine at age between 10-17, 2.26; 1.03 – 4.97).Conclusions: Among people who use methamphetamine, those who use polysubstance, or who inject substance, are in urgent need for vaccination and interventions to avoid further harm from blood borne infections.

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Section: Data Sourcesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk Factors Associated With Infection of Blood-Borne Virus among People Who Used Methamphetamine

Cai

Dai

Wen

et al. 2020

Preprint

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“…7 An analysis of primary and secondary syphilis surveillance data for 2013-2017 in the United States showed that, among cis gender heterosexual people, a large proportion of men and women with syphilis reported using methamphetamine, injec tion drugs or heroin. 8 Drug use, particularly the use of metham phetamine, has been associated with risky sexual behaviours, including having multiple or concurrent sex partners, inconsis tent condom use and exchange of sex for drugs or money. 8 Sub stance use and misuse are also prevalent among Canadian gbMSM of all ages according to data from the National Sex Now Survey.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…8 Drug use, particularly the use of metham phetamine, has been associated with risky sexual behaviours, including having multiple or concurrent sex partners, inconsis tent condom use and exchange of sex for drugs or money. 8 Sub stance use and misuse are also prevalent among Canadian gbMSM of all ages according to data from the National Sex Now Survey. 9 People who use drugs are, in turn, more likely to report stigma and mistrust of the health care system.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This, along with unstable housing, poverty, incarceration and other social factors, may contribute to decreased health care utilization and reluc tance to identify and locate sex partners. 8 Around the turn of the century, syphilis infection became more prominent among middleaged and older adults. From 1997 to 2007, infectious syphilis rates increased 11fold among middleaged (40-59 yr) adults as compared with a 5fold increase among younger (15-29 yr) adults.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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How to address the resurgence of syphilis in Canada

Singh

2019

CMAJ

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Screening for Syphilis Infection in Nonpregnant Adolescents and Adults

Mangione

Barry

Nicholson

et al. 2022

JAMA

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ImportanceSyphilis is a sexually transmitted infection that can progress through different stages (primary, secondary, latent, and tertiary) and cause serious health problems if left untreated. Reported cases of primary and secondary syphilis in the US increased from a record low of 2.1 cases per 100 000 population in 2000 and 2001 to 11.9 cases per 100 000 population in 2019. Men account for the majority of cases (83% of primary and secondary syphilis cases in 2019), and rates among women nearly tripled from 2015 to 2019.ObjectiveTo reaffirm its 2016 recommendation, the US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) commissioned a reaffirmation evidence update focusing on targeted key questions evaluating the performance of risk assessment tools and the benefits and harms of screening for syphilis in nonpregnant adolescents and adults.PopulationAsymptomatic, nonpregnant adolescents and adults who have ever been sexually active and are at increased risk for syphilis infection.Evidence AssessmentUsing a reaffirmation process, the USPSTF concludes with high certainty that there is a substantial net benefit of screening for syphilis infection in nonpregnant persons who are at increased risk for infection.RecommendationThe USPSTF recommends screening for syphilis infection in persons who are at increased risk for infection. (A recommendation)

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Increased Methamphetamine, Injection Drug, and Heroin Use Among Women and Heterosexual Men with Primary and Secondary Syphilis — United States, 2013–2017

Cited by 119 publications

References 8 publications

Risk Factors Associated With Infection of Blood-Borne Virus among People Who Used Methamphetamine

Risk Factors Associated With Infection of Blood-Borne Virus among People Who Used Methamphetamine

How to address the resurgence of syphilis in Canada

Screening for Syphilis Infection in Nonpregnant Adolescents and Adults

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