Increased magnetocaloric response of La2/3Ca1/3MnO3/Gd nanocomposites in a large temperature range

The magnetocaloric effect properties for potential applications of magnetic refrigerator technology: a review

“…The calculation of RC has a relationship with the value of −Δ S M and can be defined as follows: 41,50,51 where, T 2 is the temperature of the hot reservoir state, and T 1 is the temperature of the cold reservoir state. It is worth noting that if the measured material exhibits hysteresis, steps are required to eliminate losses due to hysteresis to obtain a clean RC value.…”

“…Generally, size reduction strategies from micro to nanoscale in MCE materials can affect the broadening of the magnetic phase transition, resulting in a broader working temperature range, a decrease in saturation magnetization, and −Δ S M value. 51,65,77–80 These changes are associated with disturbances such as strain fields, atomic disorder, uncompensated surface spins, chemical inhomogeneity, grain size distribution, etc. 65 For example, Zeng et al reduced the size of Gd material to as small as 15 nm, resulting in a reported decrease in the −Δ S M value by up to 50% compared with micro-sized samples.…”