Increased life expectancy of world class male athletes

Sarna, Seppo; Sahi, Timo; Koskenvuo, Markku; Kaprio, Jaakko

doi:10.1249/00005768-199302000-00013

Cited by 289 publications

(249 citation statements)

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“…1 People who exercise regularly have markedly lower rates of disability and a mean life expectancy that is 7 years longer than that of their physically inactive contemporaries. 2,3 Accordingly, physicians are increasingly prescribing regular exercise training (ET) for their patients. The potential benefits of regular ET are listed in Table 1.…”

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confidence: 99%

Potential Adverse Cardiovascular Effects From Excessive Endurance Exercise

O’Keefe

Patil

Lavie

et al. 2012

Mayo Clinic Proceedings

335

305

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A routine of regular exercise is highly effective for prevention and treatment of many common chronic diseases and improves cardiovascular (CV) health and longevity. However, long-term excessive endurance exercise may induce pathologic structural remodeling of the heart and large arteries. Emerging data suggest that chronic training for and competing in extreme endurance events such as marathons, ultramarathons, ironman distance triathlons, and very long distance bicycle races, can cause transient acute volume overload of the atria and right ventricle, with transient reductions in right ventricular ejection fraction and elevations of cardiac biomarkers, all of which return to normal within 1 week. Over months to years of repetitive injury, this process, in some individuals, may lead to patchy myocardial fibrosis, particularly in the atria, interventricular septum, and right ventricle, creating a substrate for atrial and ventricular arrhythmias. Additionally, long-term excessive sustained exercise may be associated with coronary artery calcification, diastolic dysfunction, and large-artery wall stiffening. However, this concept is still hypothetical and there is some inconsistency in the reported findings. Furthermore, lifelong vigorous exercisers generally have low mortality rates and excellent functional capacity. Notwithstanding, the hypothesis that long-term excessive endurance exercise may induce adverse CV remodeling warrants further investigation to identify at-risk individuals and formulate physical fitness regimens for conferring optimal CV health and longevity.

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

Potential Adverse Cardiovascular Effects From Excessive Endurance Exercise

O’Keefe

Patil

Lavie

et al. 2012

Mayo Clinic Proceedings

335

305

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Age at entry to the study defined at the date of last race was divided into four categories (16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25)(26)(27)(28)(29)(30)(31)(32)(33)(34)(35)(36)(37)(38)(39)(40), 41-50 and 51+ years). The number of competitions was analysed in four groups (one, two to three, four to five and six or more races) amongst men and in three groups (one, two to three, and four or more races) amongst women.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Beneficial effects of prolonged exercise on mortality have been shown amongst men in Finnish endurance-sport athletes, participants in a Dutch longdistance skating tour and joggers [16][17][18][19][20]. The results suggest an increased life expectancy amongst participants.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mortality amongst participants in Vasaloppet: a classical long‐distance ski race in Sweden

Farahmand

Ahlbom

Ekblom

et al. 2003

Journal of Internal Medicine

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Objective. The aim of this study was to assess mortality amongst participants in long-distance ski races during the Vasaloppet week. We considered the 90 km races for men and 90 or 30 km for women. The vast majority of the participants in these races are not competing on the elite level. It is assumed, however, that they have to undergo regular physical training during a long period of time in order to successfully finish the race. Design. The cohort study consisted of 49 219 men and 24 403 women, who participated in any of the races during 1989-1998. All subjects were followed up in the National-Cause-of-Death-Register until 31 December 1999. We computed the standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) adjusting for age and calendar year.Results. Overall, 410 deaths occurred, compared with 850.6 expected, yielding an SMR of 0.48 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.44-0.53]. Low SMRs were found in all age groups in both men and women and in all groups after categorization by finishing time and number of races. The lowest SMRs were found amongst older participants and in those who participated in several races. A decreased mortality was observed in all major diagnostic groups, namely cancers (SMR ¼ 0.61; 95% CI 0.52-0.71), diseases of the circulatory system (SMR ¼ 0.43; 95% CI 0.35-0.51), and injuries and poisoning (SMR ¼ 0.73; 95% CI 0.60-0.89). For lung cancer the SMR was 0.22, but even after exclusion of lung cancer the all-cancer mortality was low (SMR ¼ 0.72; 95% CI 0.59-0.86). Conclusions. We conclude that participants in longdistance skiing races, which demand prolonged regular physical training, have low mortality. The extent to which this is due to physical activity, related lifestyle factors, genetics or selection bias is yet to be assessed.

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“…1,2) To date, conflicting data have been reported concerning the nature (physiologic versus pathologic) of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) in master athletes and veterans. [3][4][5][6] Exaggerated blood pressure response (EBPR) during exercise is associated with increased risk of worsening hypertension in normotensives, as well as in subjects with high normal blood pressure (BP). 7,8) Moreover, EBPR might be related to adverse cardiovascular outcomes, partially due to its association with indices of target-organ damage such as LVH, abnormal geometry, or carotid atherosclerosis.…”

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confidence: 99%

Left Ventricular Hypertrophy, Diastolic Dysfunction, Pulse Pressure, and Plasma ET-1 in Marathon Runners With Exaggerated Blood Pressure Response

et al. 2013

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SummaryThis study was conducted to study left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), diastolic dysfunction, pulse pressure (PP), and plasma endothelin (ET)-1 level in amateur marathon runners with an exaggerated blood pressure response (EBPR) to exercise. The study participants included normotensive marathon runners (NM, n = 15), EBPR marathon runners (EBPR, n = 17), normotensive sedentary individuals (CON, n = 13), and hypertensive patients (HTN, n = 14). An integrated M-mode/2-dimensional echocardiographic analysis was performed. Plasma ET-1 levels at resting were measured using a commercial ELISA kit. LV wall thickness and end-diastolic dimensions as well as LV mass index (LVMI) were higher in EBPR than in CON. There were no differences in systolic function among the groups. Analysis of diastolic function, such as lower Em and higher E/Em ratio on TDI, showed a worse relaxation pattern in EBPR. Despite LVH, NM subjects showed no abnormality of LV diastolic dysfunction. HTN subjects in the early stage of their disease showed a slightly modified LV structural and diastolic function, but there was no statistical difference compared with CON. The E/Em ratio was significantly correlated with PP and LVMI. LVMI was significantly correlated with PP. There was a significant difference in plasma ET-1 concentration between marathon runners and hypertensive subjects. We demonstrated that marathon runners with EBPR showed an increase in LVMI and diastolic dysfunction more than HTN subjects in the early stage. PP was significantly related to these two variables. Caution should be exercised when connecting LVH and diastolic dysfunction with plasma ET-1 concentration in all marathon runners. (Int Heart J 2013; 54: 82-87)Key words: Endothelin-1, Marathon A thlete's heart is a well known condition characterized by structural, electrical, and functional adaptations of the myocardium consequent to regular physical training and consistent with the intensity, duration, and type of activity.1,2) To date, conflicting data have been reported concerning the nature (physiologic versus pathologic) of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) in master athletes and veterans. [3][4][5][6] Exaggerated blood pressure response (EBPR) during exercise is associated with increased risk of worsening hypertension in normotensives, as well as in subjects with high normal blood pressure (BP). 7,8) Moreover, EBPR might be related to adverse cardiovascular outcomes, partially due to its association with indices of target-organ damage such as LVH, abnormal geometry, or carotid atherosclerosis. [9][10][11] In addition, diastolic dysfunction of the LV frequently accompanies EBPR. 12)However, we do not know whether EBPR in athletes would show the same features associated with abnormal LV remodeling and diastolic dysfunction. Recently, we have unofficially found numerous cases of EBPR to exercise in Korean nonathletic marathon runners. Marathons have become a popular leisure activity in Korea during the last 2 decades and rank first in popularity as a public sport. We t...

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Increased life expectancy of world class male athletes

Cited by 289 publications

References 0 publications

Potential Adverse Cardiovascular Effects From Excessive Endurance Exercise

Potential Adverse Cardiovascular Effects From Excessive Endurance Exercise

Mortality amongst participants in Vasaloppet: a classical long‐distance ski race in Sweden

Left Ventricular Hypertrophy, Diastolic Dysfunction, Pulse Pressure, and Plasma ET-1 in Marathon Runners With Exaggerated Blood Pressure Response

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