Increased levels of glutathione in a catalase-deficient mutant of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)

Smith, Ivan K.; Kendall, A. C.; Keys, A. J.; Turner, J. C.; Lea, Peter J.

doi:10.1016/0304-4211(84)90198-6

Cited by 120 publications

(104 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…The latter study also found no change in extractable GR activity, similar to results obtained after decreases in catalase activity by high light and low temperature (Volk & Feierabend, 1989). However, in the barley mutant, extractable foliar GR activity approximately doubled on transfer to air, with similar kinetics to the accumulation and oxidation of the glutathione pool (compare Azevedo et al, 1998 andSmith et al, 1984).…”

Section: Catalase and Foliar Hsupporting

confidence: 76%

Tansley Review No. 112

2000

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I. INTRODUCTION 360 II. PHOTOINHIBITION AND ACTIVE OXYGEN 360 III. OXYGEN AS AN ELECTRON ACCEPTOR 362 1. Oxygen‘poises’electron transport and carbon assimilation 362 2. The role of oxygen in ATP synthesis 364 3. How fast is O2reduction at PSI? 364 4. Chloroplastic processing of H2O2 366 IV. REDOX REGULATION OF PHOTOSYNTHETIC METABOLISM 368 1. The thioredoxin system 368 2. Manipulating the expression of thiol‐regulated enzymes 369 3. Modifying sensitivity to thiol regulation 369 V. PHOTORESPIRATION 369 1. The pathway and its genetic manipulation 369 2. Engineering plants that photorespire less? 371 3. Is photorespiration important in energy dissipation? 372 4. Production and processing of photorespiratory H2O2 373 5. Catalase and foliar H2O2levels 374 6. Catalase and non‐photorespiratory H2O2generation 375 VI. RESPIRATION 376 1. ‘Photosynthetic’respiration 376 2. AOS in the mitochondrion 376 3. AOX: regulation and significance to photosynthesis 377 VII. PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND REDOX SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION 378 1. The need for sensors, signals and transducers 378 2. Signal transduction at the local level 378 3. Remote signalling and responses leading to acclimation of photosynthesis? 379 4. Interactions between AOS, NO., and antioxidants 380 VIII. CONCLUSIONS 380 Acknowledgements 381 References 381 The gradual but huge increase in atmospheric O2 concentration that followed the evolution of oxygenic photosynthesis is one consequence that marks this event as one of the most significant in the earth's history. The high redox potential of the O2/water couple makes it an extremely powerful electron sink that enables energy to be transduced in respiration. In addition to the tetravalent interconversion of O2 and water, there exist a plethora of reactions that involve the partial reduction of O2 or photodynamic energy transfer to produce active oxygen species (AOS). All these redox reactions have become integrated during evolution into the aerobic photosynthetic cell. This review considers photosynthesis as a whole‐cell process, in which O2 and AOS are involved in reactions at both photosystems, enzyme regulation in the chloroplast stroma, photorespiration, and mitochondrial electron transport in the light. In addition, oxidants and antioxidants are discussed as metabolic indicators of redox status, acting as sensors and signal molecules leading to acclimatory responses. Our aim throughout is to assess the insights gained from the application of mutagenesis and transformation techniques to studies of the role of O2 and related redox components in the integrated regulation of photosynthesis.

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Section: Catalase and Foliar Hsupporting

confidence: 76%

Tansley Review No. 112

2000

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“…This may be due to different glutathione reductase activities in both age classes and clearly shows that increased glutathione accumulation alone, as found in both age classes, is not sufficient to maintain the ratio between GSSG and GSH. Smith (1985) and Smith et al (1984;1985) observed similar behaviour after treatment of barley with a catalase inhibitor. Their data show, despite the induction of glutathione biosynthesis, that the elevation of oxidative processes lead to the accumulation of high levels of GSSG.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 59%

Seasonal changes in antioxidants in red spruce as affected by ozone

et al. 1990

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SUMMARYTwo-year-old red spruce (Picea rubens Sarg.) seedlings were exposed to various levels of ozone, from 0-4 to 3 times ambient levels, in open-top chambers in Ithaca, NY, USA. Exposures, which varied with changes in day length, were from 30 May to 16 December 1987 and 1 June to 1 December, 1988. During the second exposure period, ascorbic acid, total and oxidized glutathione, a-tocopherol, and superoxide dismutase were measured in current and previous year's needles at monthly intervals from May to July, and at bi-weekly intervals from September to December. Orthogonalized polynomials were used to model the response through time of each variable measured. A one-way analysis of variance model was fitted to every regression coefficient in each polynomial model to test for ozone effects on seasonal patterns of antioxidant levels. Ozone influenced seasonal changes in total glutathione, the oxidized/total glutathione ratio, and a-tocopherol in previous years's needles and a-tocopherol and superoxide dismutase in current year's needles. Averaged over the whole growing season, the oxidized/total glutathione ratio and superoxide dismutase showed an ozone treatment effect in both age classes. Mean total glutathione content increased in previous year's needles, but was not influenced by ozone in current year's needles. Mean oxidized glutathione content was higher with ozone exposure in current year's needles, but not in previous year's needles. The role of antioxidants in cold hardiness and ozone detoxification is discussed.

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“…GSH synthesis has been shown to respond either directly or indirectly to hydrogen peroxide (Smith et al, 1984;Smith, 1985). The primary aim of this work was to develop a system in which hydrogen peroxide could be synthesized intracellularly in a controlled manner and GSH synthesis could be measured in parallel.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The plant species chosen was Arabidopsis thaliana because it provides a system in which biochemical parameters can be defined alongside gene cloning and genetic analyses. The studies of Smith and colleagues were fundamental in drawing attention to the link between hydrogen peroxide and GSH synthesis (Smith et al, 1984Smith, 1985). They showed that inhibition of catalase by aminotriazole leads to leakage of hydrogen perAbbreviation: BSO, L-buthionine-[S,R]-sulfoximine.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Oxidative Stimulation of Glutathione Synthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana Suspension Cultures

1993

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A system based on Arabidopsis thaliana suspension cultures was established for the analysis of glutathione (CSH) synthesis in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. Mild oxidative stress was induced by use of the catalase inhibitor, aminotriazole, and its development was monitored by measurement of the oxidative inactivation of aconitase. Addition of 2 mM aminotriazole resulted in a 25% decrease in activity of aconitase over 4 h. During the subsequent 10 h, no further decrease in aconitase activity was measured despite a sustained inhibition of catalase. In combination with our failure to detect significant increases in the level of lipid peroxidation, another marker indicative of oxidative injury, these data suggest that although hydrogen peroxide initially leaked into the cytosol, its accumulation was limited by a cytosolic catalase-independent mechanism. A 4-fold increase in the level of CSH, which was almost exclusively in the reduced form, was observed under the same treatment. To determine to what extent this increase in reduced CSH played a role in limiting the accumulation of hydrogen peroxide in the cytosol, we inhibited CSH synthesis with buthionine sulfoximine (BSO), a specific inhibitor of y-glutamylcysteine synthetase. No significant oxidative injury was detected as a result of treatment with 50 WM BSO alone, and furthermore, this treatment had no effect on cell viability. However, addition of 2 mM aminotriazole to cells preincubated with 50 p~ BSO for 15 h led to a rapid loss of aconitase activity (75% in 4 h), and significant accumulation of products of lipid peroxidation. Within 72 h, cell viability was lost completely. After removal of BSO from the growth medium, CSH levels recovered to normal over a period of 20 h. Addition of 2 mM aminotriazole to cells at different time points during this recovery period demonstrated a strong correlation between the level of reduced CSH and the degree of protection against oxidative injury. These data strongly suggest that the induction of CSH synthesis by an oxidative stimulus plays a crucial role in determining the susceptibility of cells to oxidative stress.

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Increased levels of glutathione in a catalase-deficient mutant of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)

Cited by 120 publications

References 15 publications

Tansley Review No. 112

Tansley Review No. 112

Seasonal changes in antioxidants in red spruce as affected by ozone

Oxidative Stimulation of Glutathione Synthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana Suspension Cultures

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