Increased levels of circulating soluble CD14 but not CD83 in infants are associated with early intestinal colonization with <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>

Ac, Lundell; Adlerberth, Ingegerd; Lindberg, Erika; Karlsson, Helén; Ekberg, Sara; Åberg, Nils; Saalman, Robert; Hock, Barry D.; Steinkasserer, Alexander; Hesselmar, Bill; Wold, Agnes E.; Rudin, Anna

doi:10.1111/j.1365-2222.2006.02625.x

Cited by 51 publications

(68 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…Further studies are needed to dissect the involved mechanisms behind the remarkably longlasting effect of neonatal SEA administration, which act in favour of oral tolerance. Interestingly, the data obtained here correspond to our finding of reduced incidence of food allergy in infants who were neonatally colonised by S. aureus in the gut [20]. …”

supporting

confidence: 90%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 49%

“…We have not noted any untoward effect of such colonisation, as parents report no increased prevalence of gastro-intestinal or other symptoms [17]. Quite unexpectedly, we instead found that infants colonised in the first week(s) of life with S. aureus had significantly decreased risk of developing food allergy [20].Animal experiments indicate that parenteral administration of S. aureus superantigen may promote development and functional activity of Tregs [21][22][23]. The present study is designed to test the hypothesis that mucosal exposure to S. aureus superantigen in neonatal life would enhance the capacity to develop oral tolerance to a specific antigen and thereby protect against later hypersensitivity to the same antigen.…”

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confidence: 49%

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Neonatal exposure to staphylococcal superantigen improves induction of oral tolerance in a mouse model of airway allergy

et al. 2009

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The hygiene hypothesis suggests that lack of microbial stimulation in early infancy may lead to allergy, but it has been difficult to identify particular protective microbial exposures. We have observed that infants colonised in the first week(s) of life with Staphylococcus aureus have lower risk of developing food allergy. As many S. aureus strains produce superantigens with T-cell stimulating properties, we here investigate whether neonatal mucosal exposure to superantigen could influence the capacity to develop oral tolerance and reduce sensitisation and allergy. BALB/c mice were exposed to staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA) as neonates and fed with OVA as adults, prior to sensitisation and i.n. OVA challenge. Our results show that SEA pre-treated mice are more efficiently tolerised by OVA feeding, as shown by lower lung-cell infiltration and antigen-specific IgE response in the SEA pre-treated mice, compared with sham-treated mice. This was not due to deletion or anergy of lymphocytes by SEA treatment, because the SEA pre-treated mice that were fed with PBS showed similar inflammatory response as the sham-treated PBS-fed mice. Our results suggest that strong T-cell activation in infancy conditions the mucosal immune system and promotes development of oral tolerance.Key words: Allergic sensitisation . Mucosal immunity . Staphylococcal enterotoxin A . Tolerance Supporting Information available online IntroductionAllergies have increased markedly in Western industrialised countries, where they now afflict every third child. Allergies are linked to wealth, good education and small families, observations that have given rise to the hygiene hypothesis, according to which the developing immune system should be exposed to appropriate microbial stimulation in early childhood in order to mature correctly and for allergies to be avoided [1,2]. The hygiene hypothesis is also supported by experimental data. Germ-free animals are less prone to develop oral Ã These author contributed equally to this work. Eur. J. Immunol. 2009. 39: 447-456 DOI 10.1002 Immunomodulation 447 tolerance than animals reared conventionally [3,4]. Oral tolerance is induced by passage of antigens over the gut mucosa, prevents against both Th1-and Th2-dominated immune responses [5] and includes development of Treg [6,7]. Natural thymic-dependent Treg (CD4 1 CD25 hi FoxP3 1 ) are fundamental in protection against autoimmunity, gut inflammation and IgE responses. This cell subset has reduced functional capacity in germ-free animals [8].The strongest T-cell activators known are the ''superantigens'', exotoxins produced by certain pathogenic bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus. These include staphylococcal enterotoxin A, B, C, D and E, as well as toxic shock syndrome toxin-1. The superantigen binds to the variable part of the TCR and to the MHC class II molecule, thereby ''mimicking'' antigen recognition, which leads to T-cell activation [9][10][11][12]. As many as 10-30% of all T cells can become activated by a certain superantigen compared with o0...

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confidence: 90%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 49%

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confidence: 49%

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Neonatal exposure to staphylococcal superantigen improves induction of oral tolerance in a mouse model of airway allergy

et al. 2009

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“…15 Plasma biomarkers of microbial translocation from the intestine to systemic sites (EndoCAb, sCD14) and of damage to the intestinal epithelium (I-FABP) were also unaffected and remained high relative to values observed in high-income countries. 26,27 This may reflect an inherent limitation in the effectiveness of azithromycin against EE or the relatively short course of treatment (3 days). It is possible that sustained suppression of inflammation through a longer course would have allowed epithelial healing and a reduction in microbial translocation and immune activation, the hallmarks of EE.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of azithromycin on the immunogenicity of oral poliovirus vaccine: a double-blind randomised placebo-controlled trial in seronegative Indian infants

Grassly

Praharaj

Babji

et al. 2016

The Lancet Infectious Diseases

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“…Out of 1,761 diarrheic fecal specimens collected, only 72 (4%) were positive for S. aureus. Also, in more recent Swedish studies [76][77][78][79], high frequencies of intestinal S. aureus carriage during the first year of life were reported, and co-colonization of intestine and anterior nares with the same S. aureus strains, which were also found on the parents, suggested mother-to-child transmission. These studies were performed to test the hypothesis that development of allergic disease among children may be associated with differences in intestinal colonization patterns of S. aureus.…”

Section: Intestinal S Aureus Colonization and Disease Development Inmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intestinal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus: how does its frequency compare with that of nasal carriage and what is its clinical impact?

Acton¹,

Plat-Sinnige

Wamel

et al. 2008

Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis

197

161

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The bacterial species Staphylococcus aureus, including its methicillin-resistant variant (MRSA), finds its primary ecological niche in the human nose, but is also able to colonize the intestines and the perineal region. Intestinal carriage has not been widely investigated despite its potential clinical impact. This review summarizes literature on the topic and sketches the current state of affairs from a microbiological and infectious diseases' perspective. Major findings are that the average reported detection rate of intestinal carriage in healthy individuals and patients is 20% for S. aureus and 9% for MRSA, which is approximately half of that for nasal carriage. Nasal carriage seems to predispose to intestinal carriage, but sole intestinal carriage occurs relatively frequently and is observed in 1 out of 3 intestinal carriers, which provides a rationale to include intestinal screening for surveillance or in outbreak settings. Colonization of the intestinal tract with S. aureus at a young age occurs at a high frequency and may affect the host's immune system. The frequency of intestinal carriage is generally underestimated and may significantly contribute to bacterial dissemination and subsequent risk of infections. Whether intestinal rather than nasal S. aureus carriage is a primary predictor for infections is still ill-defined.

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Increased levels of circulating soluble CD14 but not CD83 in infants are associated with early intestinal colonization with Staphylococcus aureus

Abstract: Perinatal colonization with S. aureus may trigger the occurrence of sCD14 in plasma, which may influence development of the infantile immune system and risk of allergy development.

Cited by 51 publications

References 39 publications

Neonatal exposure to staphylococcal superantigen improves induction of oral tolerance in a mouse model of airway allergy

Neonatal exposure to staphylococcal superantigen improves induction of oral tolerance in a mouse model of airway allergy

The effect of azithromycin on the immunogenicity of oral poliovirus vaccine: a double-blind randomised placebo-controlled trial in seronegative Indian infants

Intestinal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus: how does its frequency compare with that of nasal carriage and what is its clinical impact?

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