Increased IL-6 and IL-4 in exhaled breath condensate of patients with nasal polyposis

Abstract

Background and Aim. Nasal polyposis (NP) occurs in about 1-4% of the worldwide population. Increased plasma concentrations of different pro-inflammatory cytokines have been observed in NP, and might be related to the pathogenesis of this syndrome.The present study was designed to investigate IL-6 and IL-4 concentrations in nasal and oral exhaled breath condensate of patients with early and advanced NP, and following polypectomy. Methods. Ten individuals with polyposis in early status, twenty-three patients affected by advanced status of NP and ten healthy controls were enrolled into the study. Exhaled breath condensate was collected by all individuals, according to a previous standardised method. An immunoassay kit was used to measure IL-6 and IL-4 levels. Results. Concentrations of oral and nasal exhaled IL- 6 and IL-4 were significantly higher in patients with early nasal polyposis and advanced nasal polyposis, compared to healthy controls. A statistically significant decrease of nasally but not of orally exhaled IL-6 (p<0.001) and IL-4 (p<0.05) was observed after polypectomy. Conclusions. We consider oral and nasal exhaled condensate of IL-6 and IL-4 as valid inflammatory and oxidative stress marker in patients with nasal polyposis.

Inflammatory Biomarkers in Exhaled Breath Condensate: A Systematic Review

“…Among the 2389 items initially identified, 460 duplicates were removed before screening by EndNote and manually. The remaining 1929 were screened, and 36 research articles were included in the systematic review [ 7 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 , 52 , 53 , 54 , 55 , 56 , 57 , 58 ]. The exclusion criteria lead to the removal of 267 articles.…”

“…In both cases, we considered those data as potentially biased, and thus we excluded them from the summarising forest plot. The assays, indeed, appear to be more sensitive in discriminating large differences in cytokine levels due to acute vs chronic inflammatory states, while in healthy conditions, smaller magnitudes of cytokine levels were observed [ 34 ]. In some studies, EBC was concentrated lyophilising samples to improve the assay performance, despite this being a complex and expensive method [ 68 ].…”

“…† More subjects groups were analysed in the same article. The “a” and “b” following the indication of articles with the same first author and year are referred to the order of the articles in the bibliography paragraph [ 7 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 41 , 44 , 45 , 54 , 58 ].…”

“…† More subjects groups were analysed in the same article. The "a" and "b" following the indication of articles with the same first author and year are referred to the order of the articles in the bibliography paragraph [7,[27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37]41,44,45,54,58]. The various biomarkers analysed are highlighted in bold.…”

Exhaled Breath Condensate: Pilot Study of the Method and Initial Experience in Healthy Subjects

“…Investigated the following parameters: density density, pH, total protein level, chloride level and urea level. Some authors suggested that data normalization to the internal control is not necessary, because the levels of analytes during the disease increase many times (17,23). Carter and colleagues have different view on normalization.…”