Increased high affinity beta-adrenergic receptor densities and cyclic AMP responses of CD8 cells in multiple sclerosis

Karaszewski, Joseph W.; Reder, Anthony T.; Anlar, Banu; Arnason, Barry G. W.

doi:10.1016/0165-5728(93)90068-a

Cited by 53 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…However, subtle disturbances may be detected only by more sophisticated techniques such as cardiovascular reflex testing and/or baroreflex stimulation [17,35]. Catecholamine levels (norepinephrine and epinephrine) were elevated in chronic progressive MS patients [25] and reduced in relapsing-remitting MS patients who had experienced more than two relapses during the preceding two years compared to those being in a stable phase of the disease [13]. In line with these findings, cardiovascular reflex tests revealed that sympathetic dysfunction was more impaired in clinically active patients, whereas cardiovagal function decreased during the follow-up period of 2 years suggesting that parasympathetic dysfunction may be a consequence of the disease, and sympathetic dysfunction may have a disease-modifying role in MS [13].…”

Section: Multiple Sclerosismentioning

confidence: 98%

Autonomic dysfunction in Guillain-Barré syndrome and multiple sclerosis

Flachenecker

2007

J Neurol

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This review gives an overview of autonomic dysfunction encountered in Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) and multiple sclerosis (MS). In GBS, cardiovascular dysregulation is common and may lead to serious bradyarrhythmias that need to be recognised for the early initiation of appropriate therapy. Although standardised autonomic tests were useful for the diagnosis of autonomic failure, they were not able to indicate vagal over-reactivity. In this regard, eyeball pressure testing may correctly identify patients at risk for impending and potentially life-threatening bradyarrhythmias which may easily be administered at the bedside. In MS, cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction is usually of minor clinical importance. However, orthostatic intolerance may be present in approximately 50% of patients and could easily be detected by routine measurements of heart rate and blood pressure during rest and during standing. More subtle alterations may require more sophisticated methods such as autonomic reflex testing or baroreflex stimulation. Several in vitro, animal and clinical studies provide evidence that there are many interactions between the sympathetic nervous system and the immune system giving rise to the hypothesis that autonomic dysfunction in MS may not only be a consequence of the disease, but may in itself affect the course of MS.

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Section: Multiple Sclerosismentioning

confidence: 98%

Autonomic dysfunction in Guillain-Barré syndrome and multiple sclerosis

Flachenecker

2007

J Neurol

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“…In progressive MS, sympathetic skin responses decrease and lymphocyte β-AR expression increase [346]. While the density of β-AR on monocytes, B cells, and CD41 cells remain unchanged, receptor numbers on CD8+ T cells increase 2-to 3-fold, compared with age-matched controls [338,346,347]. Increased β-AR may result from a compensatory response to reduced concentration of NE in secondary lymphoid tissues in EAE [348], and suggests an adaptive response to lower NE availability in the spleen observed in MS [338].…”

Section: Sympathetic Regulation Of Autoimmune Diseasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sympathetic modulation of immunity: Relevance to disease

Bellinger

Millar

Perez

et al. 2008

Cellular Immunology

223

185

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Optimal host defense against pathogens requires cross-talk between the nervous and immune systems. This paper reviews sympathetic-immune interaction, one major communication pathway, and its importance for health and disease. Sympathetic innervation of primary and secondary immune organs is described, as well as evidence for neurotransmission with cells of the immune system as targets. Most research thus far as focused on neural-immune modulation in secondary lymphoid organs, and have revealed complex sympathetic modulation resulting in both potentiation and inhibition of immune functions. SNS-immune interaction may enhance immune readiness during disease-or injury-induced 'fight' responses. Research also indicate that dysregulation of the SNS can significantly affect the progression of immune-mediated diseases. However, a better understanding of neural-immune interactions is needed to develop strategies for treatment of immune-mediated diseases that are designed to return homeostasis and restore normal functioning neural-immune networks.

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“…The plaque formation affects anatomically autonomic regulatory area and their connections. Karaszewski et al [13] described elevated norepinephrine levels in chronic progressive MS patients. On the other hand, Gunal et al [12] showed that both parasympathetic and sympathetic functions were impaired in MS. Frontoni et al [11] described that very low frequency and low frequency of heart rate variability were lower in MS patients in experimental conditions (at rest) than the controls.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%