Increased fascicle length but not patellar tendon stiffness after accentuated eccentric-load strength training in already-trained men

Walker, Simon; Trezise, Joanne; Haff, G. Gregory; Newton, Robert U.; Häkkinen, Keijo; Blazevich, Anthony J.

doi:10.1007/s00421-020-04462-x

Cited by 20 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 55 publications

(105 reference statements)

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“…For example, muscle damage occurred in response to experimental models that used concentric exercise (Cadore et al 2018) and isometric contractions evoked by electrical stimulation in humans (Jubeau et al 2012), as well as in response to resistance exercise consisted of maximum load climbs in animals (de Oliveira et al 2018). These findings strengthen the suggestion that the amount of muscle damage is predominantly determined by the fibre length changes instead of the muscle-tendon unit length changes (i.e., due to muscle-tendon decoupling) (Ando et al 2018;Blazevich et al 2007;Guilhem et al 2016;Hicks et al 2017;Hoffman et al 2016;Konow et al 2012;Walker et al 2020). Additionally, alterations in muscle damage indices (e.g., decrease in MVC torque) seem to be linked with the excessive muscle tension into the muscle fibre that occurs in response to negative work performed during maximal eccentric exercise (Guilhem et al 2016;Lieber et al 2002;Penailillo et al 2015).…”

Section: B3supporting

confidence: 81%

“…However, the damaging nature of any type of exercise regularly implemented can be removed due to the repeated bout effect. Of note, the initial muscle damage and the subsequent adaptation has been suggested to be the result of changes in fascicle length and not due to changes in the muscle-tendon unit length (Ando et al 2018;Blazevich et al 2007;Guilhem et al 2016;Hicks et al 2017;Hoffman et al 2016;Konow et al 2012;Walker et al 2020). Instead, it seems that the muscle-tendon unit primarily acts as a buffer to protect muscle from the damaging nature of lengthening actions (Reeves and Narici 2003).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Eccentric exercise per se does not affect muscle damage biomarkers: early and late phase adaptations

et al. 2020

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Purpose Acute high-intensity unaccustomed eccentric exercise performed by naive subjects is accompanied by disturbances in muscle damage biomarkers. The aim of the study was to investigate whether a causal relationship indeed exists between eccentric exercise and muscle damage. Methods Twenty-four men randomly assigned into a concentric only or an eccentric-only training group and performed 10 weeks of isokinetic resistance exercise (one session/week of 75 maximal knee extensors actions). Physiological markers of muscle function and damage (i.e., range of motion, delayed onset muscle soreness, isometric, concentric and eccentric peak torque) were assessed prior to and 1-3 and 5 days post each session. Biochemical markers of muscle damage (creatine kinase) and inflammation (C-reactive protein) were measured prior and 2 days post each session. Results After the first bout, eccentric exercise induced greater muscle damage compared to concentric exercise; however, during the nine following sessions, this effect progressively diminished, while after the 10th week of training, no alterations in muscle damage biomarkers were observed after either exercise protocol. Additionally, strength gains at the end of the training period were comparable between the two groups and were mode-specific. Conclusion (1) eccentric exercise per se does not affect muscle damage biomarkers; (2) muscle damage occurs as a result of muscle unaccustomedness to this action type; (3) exercise-induced muscle damage is not a prerequisite for increased muscle strength. Collectively, we believe that muscle unaccustomedness to high-intensity eccentric exercise, and not eccentric exercise per se, is the trigger for muscle damage as indicated by muscle damage biomarkers.

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Section: B3supporting

confidence: 81%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Eccentric exercise per se does not affect muscle damage biomarkers: early and late phase adaptations

et al. 2020

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“…It was shown that fascicle length changes could be observed already after 2 weeks including six sessions of plyometric training (+2.2%), with further increases after 4 (+4%) and 6 weeks [+4.4%; (Monti et al, 2020 )]. Our results show relatively large but nonsignificant increases in fascicle length (+13%) after 16 weeks of concurrent training with APL, similar to the changes observed with 10 weeks of accentuated eccentric loading in resistance-trained men [+14%; (Walker et al, 2020 )]. It remains to be determined whether the time course of fascicle length adaptations in elite athletes is similar to that of healthy men.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

Training-Induced Muscle Adaptations During Competitive Preparation in Elite Female Rowers

Zwaard¹,

Koppens²,

Weide³

et al. 2021

Front. Sports Act. Living

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Training-induced adaptations in muscle morphology, including their magnitude and individual variation, remain relatively unknown in elite athletes. We reported changes in rowing performance and muscle morphology during the general and competitive preparation phases in elite rowers. Nineteen female rowers completed 8 weeks of general preparation, including concurrent endurance and high-load resistance training (HLRT). Seven rowers were monitored during a subsequent 16 weeks of competitive preparation, including concurrent endurance and resistance training with additional plyometric loading (APL). Vastus lateralis muscle volume, physiological cross-sectional area (PCSA), fascicle length, and pennation angle were measured using 3D ultrasonography. Rowing ergometer power output was measured as mean power in the final 4 minutes of an incremental test. Rowing ergometer power output improved during general preparation [+2 ± 2%, effect size (ES) = 0.22, P = 0.004], while fascicle length decreased (−5 ± 8%, ES = −0.47, P = 0.020). Rowing power output further improved during competitive preparation (+5 ± 3%, ES = 0.52, P = 0.010). Here, morphological adaptations were not significant, but demonstrated large ESs for fascicle length (+13 ± 19%, ES = 0.93), medium for pennation angle (−9 ± 15%, ES = −0.71), and small for muscle volume (+8 ± 13%, ES = 0.32). Importantly, rowers showed large individual differences in their training-induced muscle adaptations. In conclusion, vastus lateralis muscles of elite female athletes are highly adaptive to specific training stimuli, and adaptations largely differ between individual athletes. Therefore, coaches are encouraged to closely monitor their athletes' individual (muscle) adaptations to better evaluate the effectiveness of their training programs and finetune them to the athlete's individual needs.

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“…On this matter, muscles adapt their structure by adding or removing sarcomeres as a function of different training parameters, including the range at which they are stimulated 83‐85 54,64 particularly during the eccentric phase of the movement 81,86 . Consequently, the changes in fascicle length would modify the muscle function due to its influence on force‐length and force‐velocity relationships 34 …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of range of motion on resistance training adaptations: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

Pallarés

Hernández-Belmonte

Martínez-Cava

et al. 2021

Scandinavian Med Sci Sports

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Background Nowadays, there is a lack of consensus and high controversy about the most effective range of motion (ROM) to minimize the risk of injury and maximize the resistance training adaptations. Objective To conduct a systematic review and meta‐analysis of the scientific evidence examining the effects of full and partial ROM resistance training interventions on neuromuscular, functional, and structural adaptations. Methods The original protocol (CRD42020160976) was prospectively registered in the PROSPERO database. Medline, Scopus, and Web of Science databases were searched to identify relevant articles from the earliest record up to and including March 2021. The RoB 2 and GRADE tools were used to judge the level of bias and quality of evidence. Meta‐analyses were performed using robust variance estimation with small‐sample corrections. Results Sixteen studies were finally included in the systematic review and meta‐analyses. Full ROM training produced significantly greater adaptations than partial ROM on muscle strength (ES = 0.56, p = 0.004) and lower‐limb hypertrophy (ES = 0.88, p = 0.027). Furthermore, although not statistically significant, changes in functional performance were maximized by the full ROM training (ES = 0.44, p = 0.186). Finally, no significant superiority of either ROM was found to produce changes in muscle thickness, pennation angle, and fascicle length (ES = 0.28, p = 0.226). Conclusion Full ROM resistance training is more effective than partial ROM to maximize muscle strength and lower‐limb muscle hypertrophy. Likewise, functional performance appears to be favored by the use of full ROM exercises. On the contrary, there are no large differences between the full and partial ROM interventions to generate changes in muscle architecture.

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Increased fascicle length but not patellar tendon stiffness after accentuated eccentric-load strength training in already-trained men

Cited by 20 publications

References 55 publications

Eccentric exercise per se does not affect muscle damage biomarkers: early and late phase adaptations

Eccentric exercise per se does not affect muscle damage biomarkers: early and late phase adaptations

Training-Induced Muscle Adaptations During Competitive Preparation in Elite Female Rowers

Effects of range of motion on resistance training adaptations: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

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