Increased expression of cytokines in liver and serum in patients with extrahepatic diseases

Fukuma, Hiroki; Morshed, Syed A.; Watanabe, Seishiro; Uchida, Naoshige; Ezaki, Toru; Minami, Atsushi; Matsuoka, Hiroshi; Hirabayashi, I Shuko; Nakatsu, I Toshiaki; Nishioka, Mikio

doi:10.1007/bf02355054

Cited by 11 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Therefore, measurement of sIL-2R␣ seemed to be useful to detect the expression of IL-2R on activated T lymphocytes. Although values of serum sIL-2R␣ in glioma patients were not so high compared with cancer patients reported previously [19][20][21], serum sIL-2R␣ levels of patients with malignant glioma seemed to elevate with the worsening of performance status. In 4 of 16 patients with malignant gliomas, we could detect the increase of serum sIL-2R␣ concentrations compared with previous values before their MR images could show tumor recurrence.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 63%

Serum concentrations of soluble interleukin-2 receptor in patients with malignant brain tumors

Yoshida

Morii

2000

J. Surg. Oncol.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 63%

Serum concentrations of soluble interleukin-2 receptor in patients with malignant brain tumors

Yoshida

Morii

2000

J. Surg. Oncol.

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“…Unstimulated human blood mononuclear cells from healthy volunteers secrete very low levels of cytokine proteins (e.g., IL-2 = 27 ± 22, IL-4 = 2 ± 4, IL-6 = 49 ± 56, IFN- γ = 12 ± 11, TNF- α = 15 ± 18 pg/ml in 16 donors, Sullivan et al, 2000). Similarly, low cytokine levels are detected in the serum of healthy human controls (e.g., IL-1 β = 9.4 ± 2.0, IL-6 = 16.0 ± 7.1 pg/ml, n = 6, Fukuma et al, 1996). While in vitro work has clearly demonstrated the sensitivity of the immune system to alcohol, the direction of change (up- or down-regulation) can depend on the cell type studied (e.g., Choi et al, 2005; mouse mixed glial cultures; Fernandez-Lizarbe et al, 2009; rat or mouse mixed glial cultures; Verma et al, 1993; human monocytes).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Measurement of Serum, Liver, and Brain Cytokine Induction, Thiamine Levels, and Hepatopathology in Rats Exposed to a 4‐Day Alcohol Binge Protocol

Zahr

Luong

Sullivan

et al. 2010

Alcoholism Clin & Exp Res

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Background In rodent and human studies, ethanol (EtOH) exposure is associated with elevated brain levels of the magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) signal representing choline-containing compounds (Cho). One interpretation of elevated brain Cho is that it is a marker of neuroinflammation, and some evidence suggests that EtOH exposure promotes neuroinflammation. This study aimed to determine whether binge EtOH exposure (intragastric 3 g/kg 25% EtOH every 8 hours for 4 days) would induce the expression of certain cytokines in blood, liver, or brain, thereby supporting the neuroinflammation hypothesis of elevated Cho. Methods Ten of 18 wild-type male Wistar rats (~322 g at baseline) were exposed to EtOH and attained average blood alcohol levels of ~315 mg/dl across 4 days. Blood for cytokine immunoassays was collected at baseline, after 5 doses of EtOH (binge), and immediately preceding euthanasia either 4 or 24 hours after the last dose of EtOH. Blood was additionally assayed for the levels of thiamine and liver enzymes; liver histopathology was performed postmortem; and tissue from liver and 6 brain regions was assayed for the potential induction of 7 cytokines. Results There were no group effects on the levels of thiamine or its phosphate derivatives, thiamine monophosphate or thiamine diphosphate. ANOVAs of liver enzyme levels indicated that only alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels were higher in the EtOH group than in control group at binge; ALP elevations, however, are difficult to explain in the absence of changes in the levels of additional liver enzymes. Postmortem liver pathology provided evidence for minimal microvesicular lipidosis and portocentric fibrosis in the EtOH group. Group effects on the levels of the measured cytokines in the blood (TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, and GRO/CXCL1) were not significant. Similarly, postmortem evaluation of liver cytokines did not reveal group effects. Postmortem evaluation of the 7 cytokines in 6 brain regions (anterior cerebellar vermis, cingulate cortex, frontal cortex, hippocampus, hypothalamus, striatum) also failed to identify group effects. Conclusions A single 4-day bout of binge EtOH exposure alone was insufficient to induce the expression of 7 cytokines in blood, liver, or 6 brain regions of wild-type Wistar rats. Alternative interpretations for elevations in brain Cho in response to a 4-day binge EtOH treatment are therefore necessary and may include induction of cytokines not measured herein or other non-inflammatory mechanisms.

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“…Possible mechanisms for bile duct stones and cholecystectomy are through inflammation and bile exposure. Gallstones are known to cause inflammation to adjacent organs [ 41 ], but gallbladder removal can alleviate inflammation associated with gallstones [ 42 ]. However, when the gallbladder is removed, the enterohepatic circulation of bile salts becomes continuous [ 43 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk factors for intrahepatic and extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma in the United States: A population-based study in SEER-Medicare

et al. 2017

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ObjectivesIntrahepatic (ICC) and extrahepatic (ECC) cholangiocarcinomas are rare tumors that arise from the epithelial cells of the bile ducts, and the etiology of both cancer types is poorly understood. Thus, we utilized the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER)-Medicare resource to examine risk factors and novel preexisting medical conditions that may be associated with these cancer types.MethodsBetween 2000 and 2011, 2,092 ICC and 2,981 ECC cases and 323,615 controls were identified using the SEER-Medicare database. Logistic regression was used to calculate adjusted odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI).ResultsNon-alcoholic fatty liver disease was associated with approximately 3-fold increased risks of ICC (OR = 3.52, 95% CI: 2.87–4.32) and ECC (OR = 2.93, 95% CI: 2.42–3.55). Other metabolic conditions, including obesity and type 2 diabetes, were also associated with increased risks of both cancer types. Smoking was associated with a 46% and 77% increased ICC and ECC risk, respectively. Several autoimmune/inflammatory conditions, including type 1 diabetes and gout, were associated with increased risks of ICC/ECC. As anticipated, viral hepatitis, alcohol-related disorders, and bile duct conditions were associated with both cancer types. However, thyrotoxicosis and hemochromatosis were associated with an increased risk of ICC but not ECC, but did not remain significantly associated after Bonferroni correction.ConclusionsIn this study, risk factors for ICC and ECC were similar, with the exceptions of thyrotoxicosis and hemochromatosis. Notably, metabolic conditions were associated with both cancer types. As metabolic conditions are increasing in prevalence, these could be increasingly important risk factors for both types of cholangiocarcinoma.

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Increased expression of cytokines in liver and serum in patients with extrahepatic diseases

Cited by 11 publications

References 27 publications

Serum concentrations of soluble interleukin-2 receptor in patients with malignant brain tumors

Serum concentrations of soluble interleukin-2 receptor in patients with malignant brain tumors

Measurement of Serum, Liver, and Brain Cytokine Induction, Thiamine Levels, and Hepatopathology in Rats Exposed to a 4‐Day Alcohol Binge Protocol

Risk factors for intrahepatic and extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma in the United States: A population-based study in SEER-Medicare

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